tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32846024299229762662024-03-05T08:36:09.424+00:00Humphrey With His FlailA Folklorist in the FieldPaul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.comBlogger116125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-74023716945279400892024-02-19T17:49:00.001+00:002024-02-23T10:27:03.142+00:00Folklore Without Borders<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">As so often
with me, quietness here does not mean that I have been idle. The last year has
seen quite a lot of activity, in fact, including publication at last of a
couple of long developed pieces, and what felt like a hugely belated first trip
to an American Folklore Society conference.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKN43X5WbsqLhd8xL-Wgn5OJtYiAnukskWNeA1CjG0nDLQPycdTEGSQ99PLivyc4iJGbZRMEgmdcqhMoaD9OAPQNtKbn9RpwY0gbq1SYje89Q1aOCe_kegbqkISpvJGxpztRqIJhCkJ-UcXVHsxfH_-tG4H9PSshQOt_ZnNdbbRaRaQ983xcgChdNyTg/s1600/PHOTO-2023-11-07-21-42-26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKN43X5WbsqLhd8xL-Wgn5OJtYiAnukskWNeA1CjG0nDLQPycdTEGSQ99PLivyc4iJGbZRMEgmdcqhMoaD9OAPQNtKbn9RpwY0gbq1SYje89Q1aOCe_kegbqkISpvJGxpztRqIJhCkJ-UcXVHsxfH_-tG4H9PSshQOt_ZnNdbbRaRaQ983xcgChdNyTg/w480-h640/PHOTO-2023-11-07-21-42-26.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What Matt Cheeseman, who took it, tells me was my official AFS portrait.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Like much of
my other activity, these were in truth also shaped towards a very exciting project
now underway that will take up all of this year. We had received confirmation
that it was going ahead late last year, but I wanted to hold off mentioning it
here until I could tie it in formally with the institution that will be hosting
me for the duration. New year new job, yes, but this has been long in
preparation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><br />
Over a protracted period, I was able to support my excellent colleague and
friend <a href="https://repository.derby.ac.uk/researcher/806v6/matthew-cheeseman" target="_blank">Dr Matthew Cheeseman at the University of Derby</a> in a successful AHRC network
funding bid. We received notice we’d been successful late last year, and it’s
been a little frantic getting everything sorted and underway, but we have. Matt
is the project’s Principal Investigator, and the University of Hertfordshire
have taken me back on for the duration as <a href="https://researchprofiles.herts.ac.uk/en/persons/paul-cowdell" target="_blank">Co-Investigator</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">The project
is ‘Folklore Without Borders’, a network of academics and organisations working
to develop greater diversity within folklore. We are holding an international knowledge
exchange on folklore theory, methodology and creative practice, connecting three
groups who work with cultural tradition: academia (research, teaching, impact),
individual stakeholders (artists, writers; entrepreneurial folklorists) and
cultural industries (museums, galleries, archives; media). This network
considers both theoretical and practical to make change happen in several domains
that would not normally have the opportunity to meet.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Part of this
involves identifying the obstacles and issues within the sphere of folklore and
folkloristics on a sound historical basis, so my developing interest in the
reception of folklore is finally becoming a more directed examination of
disciplinary history. The open access <a href="https://journals.psu.edu/folklorehistorian/article/view/17/17">publication of an article</a> developed from
a piece originally written for Jacqueline Simpson’s 90<sup>th</sup> birthday
marks another gleeful step down that road, with a piece on two Victorian
folklorists to follow later in the year.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">But for now,
I’m just looking forward to the network beginning to develop and take on a life
of its own. And I’m looking forward to reporting on this more widely.</span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536869121 1107305727 33554432 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-49262458425646277242023-03-29T12:28:00.001+01:002023-03-29T12:28:20.436+01:00A flatlander by inclination<p class="MsoNormal">I love flatlands. There is something about a big sky and an
uninterrupted horizon that speaks directly to me, and some of my fondest
memories of place involve an unbroken wash of sky. (The sort of place, as
comedian Rich Hall described the plains of Montana, that’s ‘so flat you can see
the back of your own head’). Not the least intriguing thing about these places
is that they require careful management and maintenance. They are very
deliberate landscapes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The North Kent Marshes. The Somerset Levels, with their
strange punctuating polyps Glastonbury Tor and Burrowbridge Mump. I’ve known
and loved Romney Marsh, which is four marshes really, since I was a child,
visiting its shingle headland and farming inland regularly over many years. (My
parents spent their last 20+ years here, as my mother had grown up nearby). I made
my first stab at fieldwork here, too, discovering that flatlands offer certain
advantages to those of us who don’t drive but can cycle. Over decades, now, I’ve
seen shifting patterns of habitation across the Marsh, and I’ll be reflecting a
little on changing land use and attitudes to the terrain in marginal reclaimed
water areas at the Folklore Society’s forthcoming annual conference on ‘<a href="https://folklore-society.com/event/folklore-geography-and-environment-ways-of-knowing-water-landscape-and-climate-in-the-anthropocene/" target="_blank">Folklore,Geography and Environment: Ways of Knowing Water, Landscape and Climate in the Anthropocene’</a>.
(I’m looking forward to getting back to Hull, too, somewhere I haven't been in too many years).</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3_la-6f24E9c8e9aLYIr8ka92PhjT-4Mpatoish76XhyTGG-L_6RcCmQhoohjGsiAl8WQ36uQh2jBGVs3HKDcaxC0EG_SiIr1AtROqmtnqCa0rZYL78BE8pAQc5XS1Kw6PUbnK4xdHZPVpXCarw2Ud-me_zVcRNCphmXLbLsWKdq8XkHaX0GvWQE/s2000/Folklore-Geography-and-Environment-Ways-of-Knowing-Water-Landscape-and-Climate-in-the-Anthropocene.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1414" data-original-width="2000" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3_la-6f24E9c8e9aLYIr8ka92PhjT-4Mpatoish76XhyTGG-L_6RcCmQhoohjGsiAl8WQ36uQh2jBGVs3HKDcaxC0EG_SiIr1AtROqmtnqCa0rZYL78BE8pAQc5XS1Kw6PUbnK4xdHZPVpXCarw2Ud-me_zVcRNCphmXLbLsWKdq8XkHaX0GvWQE/w358-h253/Folklore-Geography-and-Environment-Ways-of-Knowing-Water-Landscape-and-Climate-in-the-Anthropocene.png" width="358" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">The other flatland that occupies a major part of my imagination
is the Cambridgeshire Fens. I still recall one magical January afternoon being
driven across a snowy grey wasteland. Ahead of us we could see a snowstorm as a
discreet column of weather. Sometimes we had to drive through it, and out the
other side. Sometimes, as the roads turned around the waterways, the storm
would temporarily obstruct our view of Ely Cathedral, the most prominent
building breaking the skyline.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So I was delighted recently to find a cheap second-hand copy
of Edward Storey’s <i>The Winter Fens</i>. Storey was from Whittlesey, near
Ely, and wrote several books on the area. But this particular copy has more
than just its contents going for it.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQO2Rqxn4kyhodOOF5WDqxQxVQnIf8qaPrdsdZLAMGe9FyD9aZbZCuQcarC_csdQ_1pgn01ISV7qWTTmewkI4cUuVMLyFXetPuKk_SqEwk-iXkf_EcCoNemRo5JEJkDqtoPaOc8pQDUNjVRqKh_tRji64CFAspj22Dkrpm6bMSuVTMVv1ftT_gjuI/s475/21090183.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="305" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQO2Rqxn4kyhodOOF5WDqxQxVQnIf8qaPrdsdZLAMGe9FyD9aZbZCuQcarC_csdQ_1pgn01ISV7qWTTmewkI4cUuVMLyFXetPuKk_SqEwk-iXkf_EcCoNemRo5JEJkDqtoPaOc8pQDUNjVRqKh_tRji64CFAspj22Dkrpm6bMSuVTMVv1ftT_gjuI/s320/21090183.jpg" width="205" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">It is inscribed with the name of a previous
owner, and in the same hand a short poem is written inside the back cover. A
brief and thus far cursory search online has revealed no authorial source for
the poem, so until I discover otherwise I will treat the poem as likely written
by Joan Bush. It is a rather nice little piece of verse:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">January is the month of Xmas bills</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Leaking ceilings and sore throat pills</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The month that kids lose mittens in</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And the cat has 13 kittens in</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To top it all the car won’t go</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It’s sitting in a bed of snow</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">January would be a curse</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If February didn’t promise worse.</p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536869121 1107305727 33554432 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-89421896191113340862022-11-15T15:07:00.001+00:002022-11-15T15:07:53.032+00:00Hello! Anybody there...?<p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">I had the
great joy last week of getting in person to a Folklore Society Council meeting again,
after my previous attempt was thwarted by finally catching COVID. The meeting
was followed by a quite bracingly excellent <a href="https://www.katherinelangrish.co.uk/news/katharine-briggs-lecture/" target="_blank">Katharine Briggs lecture by Katherine Langrish</a>, and the announcement of the Katharine Briggs book award winner – <a href="https://folklore-society.com/blog-post/the-katharine-briggs-award-2022/" target="_blank"><i>Folklore,
Magic, and Witchcraft: Cultural Exchanges from the Twelfth to Eighteenth
Century</i>, ed. Marina Montesano (Routledge)</a>. I have read a couple of the
shortlisted books and can confirm their excellence, so anything that beat them
must be worth a look. Edited collections don’t always do so well in the final placings,
so it’s impressive to see such volumes both winning and making it to runner-up
(the outstanding <i>The Routledge Companion to English Folk Performance</i>,
eds Peter Harrop and Steve Roud (Routledge), which I <a href="https://www.efdss.org/about-us/publications/folk-music-journal/44-about-us/10694-folk-music-journal-volume-12-number-2" target="_blank">reviewed highly favourably</a>
in the <i>Folk Music Journal</i>).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCPWMTG_izIki46Xx28xwE0HbCw827a73rpZGovDB9EPaMIykgClB3FbuHEVGkq96aUHMdn_4nqdiWReJSUOm4d_XPTFik7xp8tp53pPZnFHdDr2yZgm1KK8foprpSsBDPQS3VL7KT0vBU23ofAOD0-uLw0Zv44GC9Q-LNcNoKwvEkfAsbmTr8bjw/s614/Katherine-Langrish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="548" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCPWMTG_izIki46Xx28xwE0HbCw827a73rpZGovDB9EPaMIykgClB3FbuHEVGkq96aUHMdn_4nqdiWReJSUOm4d_XPTFik7xp8tp53pPZnFHdDr2yZgm1KK8foprpSsBDPQS3VL7KT0vBU23ofAOD0-uLw0Zv44GC9Q-LNcNoKwvEkfAsbmTr8bjw/w179-h200/Katherine-Langrish.jpg" width="179" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Katherine Langrish<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Not the least
part of the joy of the evening was socialising again, catching up with dear
colleagues I hadn’t seen in an age. I may have some moderately gregarious
tendencies, even though I am quite happy beavering away at my desk, with the
result that I do not always realise that I have actually accomplished stuff
unless I tell other people.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Which may be
where the title comes in. Kenneth Horne, usually seeking commercial assistance
of some more or less ludicrous kind, would call out the introduction in his fruitily
suggestive tones in episodes of the 1960s radio comedy series <i>Round the Horne</i>.
What followed was an encounter with the latest hilarious and rather risqué business
venture of sometime theatrical couple Julian and Sandy (played by Hugh Paddick
and Kenneth Williams), with Horne a game and delighted straight (in every
sense) foil to their camp.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">The scripts and
performances are hilarious and still stand up, but they are lent considerable extra
power by their context. These two evidently gay characters appeared regularly
at a time when homosexuality was only just in the process of being
decriminalised. There was no pretence here: as Noel Coward once told Nancy
Spain about her frock, they ‘wouldn’t fool a blind child of nine’. But they
also spoke in an argot cultivated both as defence mechanism and as a means of disguising
their criminalised conversation: Polari.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Polari was a
specific language usage by gay men, but it had common roots with other argots
and street languages, including among theatre and carnival people. (It’s always
amused me that the rather macho and aggressively straight Ewan MacColl included
in one song a slang word he’d obviously heard from truck drivers which is also
well known in Polari). This was where I mostly heard it, and still do to some
extent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Times change,
and usages change, and it is possible that the appearance of Polari in <i>Round
the Horne</i> marked some sort of decline in its necessary use as a defensive
measure even as it popularised some parts of it. Enter linguist Paul Baker,
whose charming and readable history of Polari, <a href="https://reaktionbooks.co.uk/work/fabulosa" target="_blank"><i>Fabulosa!</i></a>, charts its
early life but also follows a more stubborn persistence. It’s a terrific book,
and I had the great pleasure of talking to Paul about it and about Polari. I’d
all but forgotten I’d done this, in fact, but it is now finished as part of a <i>Folklore
Podcast </i>episode on the subject. Clap your Polari lobes on it <a href="http://www.thefolklorepodcast.com/episode-117.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwdmhJeqPEy5bSzJ1TOHIM2ce2LiJO32j_76Gxtt-Hipall3l6uAfkwrau463XWJHRO61fQKFSSyhlLHmISIMvOpxp1XtPRi-IMML3UGFnRHsS2wBcqUuE8cxyltPuCFYkuIPmSFQphey8YQ3lt_gCuh-7tqAWM4SZY2oH-y7UoLf8bLlg1GLDllk/s300/Baker-headshot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="298" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwdmhJeqPEy5bSzJ1TOHIM2ce2LiJO32j_76Gxtt-Hipall3l6uAfkwrau463XWJHRO61fQKFSSyhlLHmISIMvOpxp1XtPRi-IMML3UGFnRHsS2wBcqUuE8cxyltPuCFYkuIPmSFQphey8YQ3lt_gCuh-7tqAWM4SZY2oH-y7UoLf8bLlg1GLDllk/w318-h320/Baker-headshot.jpg" width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Paul Baker<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">This is what I
mean about forgetting things I have actually done, perhaps because they were
entirely done at my desk without direct personal contact. I was delighted to be
reminded of my conversation with Paul at about the same time I was reminded of
another online conversation I’d had. This was about a longstanding interest of
mine – cannibalism at sea. A while back, those lovely people at <i>Casting
Lots: A Survival Cannibalism Podcast</i> got in touch via Twitter. In the
course of the correspondence they even called me a ‘cannibalism celebrity’, and
then appeared pleasantly surprised that I had immediately put this on all of my
biographical material.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">For their
final mini-season they wanted to have a chat with some people they’d cited
along the way. I am always happy to talk <a href="https://humphreywithhisflail.blogspot.com/search/label/Cannibalism" target="_blank">cannibalism</a> with anyone, and we spent
a fun afternoon chatting about the Custom of the Sea. This has been worked into
one of their ‘Dinner Guests’ episodes, and <a href="https://castinglotspod.home.blog/2022/10/31/s4-e1-dinner-guests-stacy-hackner-amp-paul-cowdell/" target="_blank">is now available</a>. I think between us
we must have done every pun on cannibalism that has ever existed, so I won’t
repeat any of them here. All I will say is that it’s out now, and it turns out
I haven’t just been locked away to no purpose.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">As it
happens, another long outstanding piece of work has also finally seen the light
of day, but that is for another time. For now – just tuck in. (Oh. I said I wasn’t
going to do that, didn’t I?)</span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536869121 1107305727 33554432 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-55699147108044892922022-08-17T09:30:00.001+01:002022-08-17T09:30:00.152+01:00When Packaging Counts<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">I received
this week a very welcome reprint. In the early 1990s, Penguin published a great
series of folktale collections. There were variations in the series, but it contained
some brilliant anthologies by weighty and reputable scholars like Jacqueline Simpson
(<i>Scandinavian Folktales</i>) and Henry Glassie (<i>Irish Folktales</i>).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">It also
included two magnificent collections by Neil Philip, <i>Scottish Folktales </i>and
<i>English Folktales</i>. The latter was absolutely essential to me when I
first came to folklore. For an MA class assignment I wrote on ‘The Small-Tooth
Dog’, collected by Sidney Oldall Addy in Derbyshire, picked enthusiastically if
randomly from this book. (The photograph here is my copy, bought second-hand
in Highgate Village, and I’m surprised at how well it has borne its heavy use).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxPzaciFb6UZ-_bn-tEEiluq1RQqSB9xKXW1YhNBPg9TeFLt2uOCWlANjYejkMX3wdPKdj02Ksu4-xxfClk-I4GwBUYqzbzs5CROxVH50IT2h-DjMqEUlNlH7jQ9yeZuhDbxHp_los5Y3OwSIQp3lf6Fr-uMjByJ9y3dyfqI64FfkP-s8NkSlxZI/s4128/20220816_162349.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4128" data-original-width="3096" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxPzaciFb6UZ-_bn-tEEiluq1RQqSB9xKXW1YhNBPg9TeFLt2uOCWlANjYejkMX3wdPKdj02Ksu4-xxfClk-I4GwBUYqzbzs5CROxVH50IT2h-DjMqEUlNlH7jQ9yeZuhDbxHp_los5Y3OwSIQp3lf6Fr-uMjByJ9y3dyfqI64FfkP-s8NkSlxZI/w300-h400/20220816_162349.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Penguin Book of English Folktales</i>, ed. Neil Philip (London: Penguin, 1992)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">It wasn’t
just that its 136 stories were marvellous, nor that they provided an invaluable
snapshot and overview of the earlier collections of tales. The book also provided
a useable small scholarly apparatus of Aarne-Thompson Tale Type numbers alongside
the bibliographical data. As an editor, Philip was everything I could have wanted:
his Introduction was fascinating and informed, shedding critical light on the
stories, the narrators, the folklorists and the re-tellers, all with a sympathetic
and shrewd writer’s eye for their qualities. On my beloved ‘Small-Tooth Dog’,
he wrote, briefly but astutely: ‘The only real <i>Beauty and the Beast</i>
story recorded in England, this succinct narration seems to me a much more potent
text than Madame Leprince de Beaumont’s wordy and literary <i>La Belle et la Bête</i>
(1756), which has been the basis of almost every retelling ever since.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Such an
historically informed and solid collection was clearly vital as a way of
orienting the reader to oral traditions as well as scholarly interactions with
them, so its unavailability for many years was a blow. This kind of book becomes
all the more essential as volumes of retellings of traditional tales proliferate,
as it helps the ever-growing numbers of people fascinated by this wonderful
stuff to understand it a little better, to understand what might lie behind and
around it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">I would have
welcomed its reappearance in any form, therefore. What arrived this week, however,
exceeded my expectations. It is more durable than my now-retired paperback,
obviously, but that is only one criterion. The book is essentially a
straightforward reprint of the 1992 volume with a couple of additions. (The
apparatus reprints the Aarne-Thompson details, although the Introduction to the
reprint does cite updated Aarne-Thompson-Üther numbers). Philip’s 2022
Introduction takes account of the flourishing storytelling scene since his
original publication, and uses this and more folkloresque interpretative and
creative uses of folklore (my description, not his) to offer a
magnanimous reconsideration of some of his earlier comments. He gives Ruth
Tongue the benefit of the doubt this time – I remain more ambivalent, but I
take his point – and he points to Maureen James’s convincing work as clearing
up his concerns over Marie Clothilde Balfour. He also, excitingly and compellingly,
points to the durability of the oral tradition. As he notes, ‘the English
folktale, far from being moribund, is alive and kicking’ (xix). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbT-jdUbNfsQdAa8Sh0J4alMWfte0vNtZ17mUASOq6mhLpXhX4y4Uhkr3QFjwtfdocIWMtk6NnIPNNSotFU-rGUvntKetTtVlrerW_2SF27w_LHerr57AeDkHEIbXxZ4JXt2_x8_sDoUXTk6vOVAOCl0BOWL_ieV714K4NRKrJmE65U6mC296121M/s4128/20220814_124635.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4128" data-original-width="3096" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbT-jdUbNfsQdAa8Sh0J4alMWfte0vNtZ17mUASOq6mhLpXhX4y4Uhkr3QFjwtfdocIWMtk6NnIPNNSotFU-rGUvntKetTtVlrerW_2SF27w_LHerr57AeDkHEIbXxZ4JXt2_x8_sDoUXTk6vOVAOCl0BOWL_ieV714K4NRKrJmE65U6mC296121M/w480-h640/20220814_124635.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Watkins Book of English Folktales</i>, ed. Neil Philip (London: Watkins Media, 2022)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">But there is
something, too, in its presentation. The book is extremely attractive. The title
of each story is contained within light black-and-white decoration – nothing too
fancy, but elegant rather than austere. The beautiful cover features imagery invoking
both specific stories and a more generalised view of folklore as it might be
understood by an interested contemporary audience. It appeals to what a
readership might think it already understands, while bringing readers to a body
of work that will flesh out and expand dramatically that understanding. It
seems the perfect meeting and interaction of form and content, aimed at the
specific conditions of current interest in folklore.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">In this respect, the Foreword by Neil Gaiman is charming and outstanding. Gaiman, with his
usual generosity of spirit, outlines exactly the voyage of discovery awaiting those
who have come to it without perhaps fully expecting what they will find within,
just as he did when he read the first edition. The cover will get people in.
Neil Gaiman will get even more in. And when they arrive, they will find
folklore in all its riches, courtesy of Neil Philip. An exciting journey of
discovery awaits, and this is exactly how such a journey should be prepared. </span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-51101854340009865932022-08-16T15:41:00.000+01:002022-08-16T15:41:21.369+01:00Catching Up<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">I’m rather
surprised to find how long I’ve left this blog. There have been times when that
might have reflected inactivity, but in the last year or so I’ve actually been
getting underway again. Perhaps it’s because I’ve only recently recovered from having
finally caught COVID that I’m taking stock a little, and recognising signs of some
return to engagement. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">It may in
fact appear that I’ve been rather productive, as I’ve revisited some older
projects for conference papers and online talks as well as finally publishing a
couple of pieces of rather long gestation. I returned enthusiastically to
ghostlore for the recent <a href="http://isfnr.org/" target="_blank">International Society for Folk Narrative Research</a> conference,
and will be presenting an expanded version of this for the Folklore Society
later in the year. This year should also finally see publication of a chapter I
wrote while recovering from surgery on metaphor in academic and vernacular discussions
of ghosts. While that publication is still ahead, it is very much a conclusion
to several years’ work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">An earlier
paper for the Folklore Society’s excellent <a href="https://folklore-society.com/event/open-voices-folklore-for-all-folklore-of-all/ " target="_blank"><i>Open Voices: Folklore for All,
Folklore of All</i> conference</a> also saw a return to ghostlore, combined with one
of my other current preoccupations, disciplinary history and its ongoing
reception. As I began that paper, ‘There is a spectre haunting folklore – the spectre
of folklore itself.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">For British
folklorists, and English folklorists specifically, there are many historical
and historiographical issues still to be addressed, especially under conditions
where interest in folklore has never been greater. How do we deal with the
legacy of the weaker periods in our disciplinary history? What is that legacy? That
was one of the drivers behind my interest in the prolific and fascinating
Violet Alford. Over a (too) protracted period I’d spoken about her many times,
with the result that pretty much everyone involved in folklore in Britain had
chipped in at some point. Whatever deficiencies still remain in my arguments, those
contributions strengthened what I wrote, which was <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0015587X.2021.1905369" target="_blank">finally published in <i>Folklore</i></a>.
I’m hugely grateful. This is a collaborative process.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">The other
area where I’ve been trying to trace the legacies of some more doubtful British
folklore studies – Murray and Frazer in particular, who remain powerful poles
of attraction outside academic scholarship – has been through representations
in popular culture. I followed up my <i>Western Folklore</i> article on Folk
Horror with a chapter in <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Folklore-and-Nation-in-Britain-and-Ireland/Cheeseman-Hart/p/book/9780367440961" target="_blank">this collection</a>, tracing similar themes and
representations in a 1930 crime novel. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">I haven’t
quite said my last word on this subject, but that’s still work in progress.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">Clearing the
decks in this way does allow me to sharpen my focus on such works in progress,
as well as on projects which are not so far advanced. It’s a nice feeling.</span></p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"\@MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-charset:128;
mso-generic-font-family:modern;
mso-font-pitch:fixed;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 134217746 0 131231 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-50543481981607547852021-06-20T18:36:00.000+01:002021-06-20T18:36:08.835+01:00Contextless Ethnography?<p class="MsoNormal">When my parents died a couple of years ago, my sister and I
were left with a vast amount of physical stuff to clear from their house. Conditions
last year were hardly conducive to long travelling to do this, so we’re only
now finally getting it all sorted. As a result, I have recently become the
custodian of my father’s photographs. All of them.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My dad, Tony Day (1937-2019), was a serious amateur
photographer from adolescence right up to his death. He kept all his photographic
images, good and bad – prints, negatives, slides, cine film, digital video
tapes. On top of this, he had also received all his family’s photographs,
including those taken by <i>his</i> father, and on top of this were all the
pictures from my mother’s family. My conservative estimate is tens of thousands
of images, which posed the question of what to do with them all.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The sheer volume was compounded by what one might charitably
call my dad’s often cavalier attitude towards tidiness. Many of the images were
loose in boxes. He had latterly begun to put his prints into albums, although he
had not dealt with all of them by the time of his death. Some of these were roughly
labelled, but many more were not. (I have not even begun looking at the slides
or cine films yet: I see that he did make a rough catalogue index of slide
boxes, but seems to have used the same numbering system more than once).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As all this stuff had arrived at my house and was filling up
my spare room, I urgently needed to get it into a more immediately manageable
space. The first step was to empty out the albums he had so lovingly filled,
which was perhaps the oddest of the emotional pangs during this process.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I initially worked to separate the prints into three very
rough top-level categories: Family; Friends; and Other. The latter was
ridiculously unwieldy, but a necessary starting point just to work out what I
was looking at. The rolls were rarely thematic, but a sequential record of what
he saw and found interesting: he loved churches, stained glass, birds, plants,
caravans, landscapes, cars, things he found curious, odd or funny …</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">His curiosity, as a very serious practising Anglican, about
people and their religious and other practices threw up some surprises for me.
Here were morris dancers, giants, processions. (The morris dancers were my
fault: he had given me a lift to the Tenterden Folk Festival, and photographed
the passing troupes while I was giving a talk). His intimate knowledge of
churches and church life meant there were a lot of photographs of craftsmen
engaged in church renovations. Here (somewhat to my alarm, given his occasional
lack of worldiness and general conservatism) were gable end murals in Northern
Ireland. It may have been simple curiosity, but the result was ethnographic
evidence.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhICm12Uktu5m82WJyK08RIRGjKYAsm1_AvjL1fYOjI9yINyleRwyU8pUY8j5nOC32l-AnwuGlqtx2BKj88JwlvAka0iIsv-gVUkSVgzDJrXAlGcrx0PmJl1bIwIKexlg3D8k9Ufi-mucA/s1782/Free+Derry+corner.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1039" data-original-width="1782" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhICm12Uktu5m82WJyK08RIRGjKYAsm1_AvjL1fYOjI9yINyleRwyU8pUY8j5nOC32l-AnwuGlqtx2BKj88JwlvAka0iIsv-gVUkSVgzDJrXAlGcrx0PmJl1bIwIKexlg3D8k9Ufi-mucA/w400-h234/Free+Derry+corner.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Free Derry Corner. Photo: Tony Day</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Yet how to understand the pictures?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I cannot say that his curiosity at what he saw was leading
him to investigate directly the practices he photographed (although this is complicated,
as he was also thinking deeply about religious observance and meaning), so many
of the pictures are probably best treated as discreet records rather than part
of any inquiry on his part. This is compounded by the somewhat random character
of his taking of photographs, further randomised by the distribution of the
prints. I do not know, for example, in which French town the Chinese parade seen
here was taking place.</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW-Zoe3JXOJGjcbxX-MZIfYhkPGlAV0Cw0q5KMaBU1Rfbv04uditI1fD57pN3XXWmUcq_exAqMcfkSb7lNJzN9ZkQCHdTPXBQV23FVePr9mbuwqTKWNPa7SPu9YJrqNZkfXs77B4kQL9s/s1497/Chinese+procession.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1497" data-original-width="1043" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW-Zoe3JXOJGjcbxX-MZIfYhkPGlAV0Cw0q5KMaBU1Rfbv04uditI1fD57pN3XXWmUcq_exAqMcfkSb7lNJzN9ZkQCHdTPXBQV23FVePr9mbuwqTKWNPa7SPu9YJrqNZkfXs77B4kQL9s/w279-h400/Chinese+procession.jpeg" width="279" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Chinese New Year(?) procession, France. Photo: Tony Day</span></span><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Investigation of the images would require treating them as
contextless ethnography to some extent, although that does an injustice to his
inner life, his unstated thinking. I have to start from that position simply
because the context is not available to me. From my knowledge of him, he could
have commented on most near any picture if asked, but would not have put this
together into any overall record. Yet his obvious love of xeroxlore, which ties
to the images he found amusing, obviously fits into a broader, more consistent
outlook.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh842ARQH_lasQYthfsVVCAfMok9U9J3-OC3bZZrazEk1rR_BVbyXzRo2pQe562TDmqU6J8ddPKNS6rqbvtpF86tD7J1Bjyu5t7ovNjd7rBj55nJmZyYlhwGYx5WrcN1clrqoB1V8R1VEU/s1486/Well+2010.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1486" data-original-width="989" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh842ARQH_lasQYthfsVVCAfMok9U9J3-OC3bZZrazEk1rR_BVbyXzRo2pQe562TDmqU6J8ddPKNS6rqbvtpF86tD7J1Bjyu5t7ovNjd7rBj55nJmZyYlhwGYx5WrcN1clrqoB1V8R1VEU/w266-h400/Well+2010.jpeg" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">2010 well dressing. Photo: Tony Day</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQsJzbAULdcgUEJUu2Cqhy33UCYpfEGFf4FItOE_D3uhej4j6r29pLijlcJodluY69gsHJL2zK2gxrIWWq_XuHeE2S2mkBvCvMRg6mc8P3IRAu_qcpurzXhbAkiJsn_Kh2aSlpbScOWUU/s1312/Buxton+%2528%253F%2529+Well+2010.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="979" data-original-width="1312" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQsJzbAULdcgUEJUu2Cqhy33UCYpfEGFf4FItOE_D3uhej4j6r29pLijlcJodluY69gsHJL2zK2gxrIWWq_XuHeE2S2mkBvCvMRg6mc8P3IRAu_qcpurzXhbAkiJsn_Kh2aSlpbScOWUU/w400-h299/Buxton+%2528%253F%2529+Well+2010.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Buxton (?) well, 2010. Photo: Tony Day</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I am starting slowly, therefore, with individual images,
like the ones here. I may not be able to put him back into many of them yet,
but I can start by making sense of some of what he saw. One of the dressed
wells, for example, is conveniently dated 2010, so the other photo from the
same roll of a trip to the Peak District is clearly from the same time. The town
centre dressing is, I believe, in Buxton, outside the NatWest on Spring
Gardens. Funnily enough the other one, which should be the easier to identify,
currently eludes me. If anyone can help, I’d appreciate it. Because making
sense of this stuff is what I’m going to be doing for a while, I think.</p>
<p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-20324172534728545192021-05-16T16:27:00.001+01:002021-05-16T16:27:48.589+01:00A couple of upcoming presentations<p class="MsoNormal">Academic folklorists without an institutional position, like
me, have to find various workarounds to provide such things as university library
access. I am grateful, therefore, to the University of Hertfordshire for my
Visiting Research Fellowship, which has given me this as well as some sort of institutional
recognition I can appeal to when out in the wider academic world of conferences
and publications. It is all too easy for the precarious academic to feel that
they are under-achieving, or not achieving at all, simply because they have no
wider social academic context in which to place their work. Over the last month
or so I’ve been reviewing my output for the period of the Fellowship to date,
and it’s been a relief after all to see that I have put out more than I’d
realised, which has therefore gone out over that institutional affiliation as the
<i>quid pro quo</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What hasn’t happened so much – inevitably, given the circumstances
– is conference and live appearances, but even that is beginning to change. Having
missed two years of Folklore Society conferences (family bereavement followed
by COVID-19 suspension of events), I’m really happy and quite daunted to be
back presenting at next weekend’s <a href="https://folklore-society.com/event/folklore-learning-and-literacies-conference/">Folklore, Learning and Literacies conference</a>,
held over from last year.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I’d submitted a proposal to force myself finally to have a
look at some 1920s Belgian notebooks containing songtexts that I was shown some
years ago. As some of the notebooks were previously study exercise books, I’d
hoped to investigate the relationship between formal school/informal folklore
education and transmission of knowledge. I’m not convinced I’ve got very far
with that aspect of the investigation, but I have started to piece together an
overview of interwar popular singing traditions as they’re represented and play
out in these notebooks. This is beginning to pose questions about
interpretation, as well as further historical research: some of the songs, for
example, came from the doyen of marktzangers, Lionel Bauwens, known as Tamboer,
a man so significant he has this statue in his hometown of Eeklo. I think this
paper is very much the starting point for research rather than its conclusion,
but that makes it all the more stimulating to me. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lionel_Bauwens_-_Eeklo_-_Belgi%C3%AB.jpg/256px-Lionel_Bauwens_-_Eeklo_-_Belgi%C3%AB.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lionel_Bauwens_-_Eeklo_-_Belgi%C3%AB.jpg/256px-Lionel_Bauwens_-_Eeklo_-_Belgi%C3%AB.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Lionel Bauwens, 'Tamboer'" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Lionel Bauwen, 'Tamboer' by Spotter2 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0<br /></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Shortly afterwards, when I’ve caught my breath, it will also
be my turn to give an online talk for the Folklore Society. <a href="https://folklore-society.com/event/old-clem-blow-the-fire-blow-the-fire-st-clements-day-and-dickens/">‘Old Clem! Blow the fire, blow the fire: St Clement’s Day and Dickens’</a> is a return to a talk I gave
some years ago (but have now completely forgotten, it seems). It started with
an investigation into Joe Gargery’s song at his forge in <i>Great Expectations</i>,
which led me to contemplation of the relationship between folklore and
literature (something which has exercised me more recently in consideration of
the folkloresque) as well as to the specific folkloric content of St Clement’s
Day observations. This, in turn, opened up something of a rabbit warren of
details about saints’ days generally. Bernardino Fungai's lovely picture of St Clement being
hoiked overboard chained to an anchor, for example, codifies one account of his
martyrdom, but it is unclear who (if anyone) he really was. The situation gets
even murkier when you look at the various St Catherines with whose observations
Clement’s later merged, so it’s a pleasingly chaotic mélange of ideas and
avenues for exploration. And it does involve dynamite. Booking is still open!</p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD94lAho4I8HSjFR-8ZIXsliZVVvBf7MDZdAYyOEk_ZRnatPTP2YbhJd3rqPr9PtvPw4w2CDy7x1zu4-TEsZ8CtDoEvs5tovN6hz6-qa-BQO8ezJuNfa2_YkBw1RP9-BdSjfmZitwM2Do/s1000/Martyrdom_of_st_clement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="1000" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD94lAho4I8HSjFR-8ZIXsliZVVvBf7MDZdAYyOEk_ZRnatPTP2YbhJd3rqPr9PtvPw4w2CDy7x1zu4-TEsZ8CtDoEvs5tovN6hz6-qa-BQO8ezJuNfa2_YkBw1RP9-BdSjfmZitwM2Do/w640-h422/Martyrdom_of_st_clement.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Martyrdom of St Clement, by Bernardino Fungai</span></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p><style>@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-83010795543110813192021-04-08T14:16:00.001+01:002021-04-08T14:16:19.396+01:00Subversive folklore in the military?<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">I’m not particularly a fan of online meetings/events, but
needs must when the devil drives – why, yes, I have recently been reviewing a
book of proverb scholarship for <i>Folklore</i> – and I’ve been very happy
about the <a href="https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/o/the-folklore-society-32190494089" target="_blank">current series of Folklore Society events</a>. (I’ll be doing one myself
in June). On Tuesday I had the great pleasure of chairing <a href="https://www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/staff/david-hopkin" target="_blank">Professor David Hopkin</a>’s excellent talk on ‘The Soldier’s Tale: Military Storytelling in
Revolutionary Europe’, which was followed by the usual invigorating discussion.
David’s focus was very much on the genre of folktales, and I wondered about the
place of legend in military narrative traditions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCdcr5I15tFhreT47yI_wKlsjfin-D5BcKKHSb8qGUITzUB0viOzA5cDoYzEe_zAtSGy2ehixlQY_WBXwNZw274pRLZ52nb6ZbGazp0en8wVsHiiFPTgeJO2McU55bFoOCS9R84TyvCJ8/s535/Professor-David-Hopkin-Senior-Tutor-Fellow-and-Tutor-in-History-e1528724432216-400x535.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCdcr5I15tFhreT47yI_wKlsjfin-D5BcKKHSb8qGUITzUB0viOzA5cDoYzEe_zAtSGy2ehixlQY_WBXwNZw274pRLZ52nb6ZbGazp0en8wVsHiiFPTgeJO2McU55bFoOCS9R84TyvCJ8/s320/Professor-David-Hopkin-Senior-Tutor-Fellow-and-Tutor-in-History-e1528724432216-400x535.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Professor David Hopkin</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I mentioned in passing, for example, the song <i>McCafferty</i>
(Roud 1148), based on the true story of a soldier killing an officer at Fulwood
Barracks in Preston (1). From recollection (subsequently filled out in the
discussion by William Roberts), one staple of the song’s performance is a
comment on its subversive/banned character. In the late 1960s Shropshire singer
May Bradley recalled singing the song some 40 years earlier ‘and a man jumped
up and said, “Mrs Bradley we mustn’t allow that song in this house”. And I said
“What’s that got to do along o’you?” and he said “If you was found singing that
song you’d get 10 years in jail”.’ (2) Roy Palmer reported that ‘In the army itself
it was widely believed that to sing the song was a chargeable offence’: his
father had heard it sung in the Leicestershire Regiment in the 1920s, but ‘only
when there was no one [in authority] about’ (3). It certainly continued to circulated
within the military, with one of A.E. Green’s informants having learned it
while serving in the Navy.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This kind of introductory comment gets me very excited,
because non-sung verbal contextualisation of performances was often omitted/ignored
by the early collectors, who were much more interested in the songs as musical artefacts,
but is clearly an essential part of understanding what exactly is going on in
the sharing of lore. David Hopkin added an extra layer to this with a wonderful
story about Roy Palmer. David had been at a conference with his PhD supervisor,
Peter Burke. They had met Roy Palmer, and Peter Burke said ‘The last time I saw
you was at Catterick Barracks in 1952: I heard they’d court-martialled you for
saluting the red flag!’</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">The story went that on the firing range, where red flags
were hoisted to signal live fire, then Communist Party member Palmer had stood
to salute one, resulting in disciplinary action. Not true, said Palmer,
although as a CP member he had been removed from signalling duties as a possible
security risk. However, the development of the legend – paralleling the claim
that singing <i>McCaffery</i> was ‘chargeable’ is itself an interesting moment
of military folklore.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">By chance I have also just picked up a book on the 1797
naval mutinies, where, in another echo of the Burke/Palmer story, the Spithead
mutineers used the hoisted red flag as a prearranged signal for sending
delegates to central meetings – although the Spithead mutineers do not seem to
have intended it as a republican gesture, that was certainly how it was seen by
the Admiralty. I was reminded of the wonderful broadside ballad <i>The Death of
Parker</i>, or <i>President Parker</i> (Roud 1032) on Richard Parker, hanged
for his part in the Nore mutiny. It is a sympathetic song, treating of Parker’s
widow and the story that, in Roy Palmer’s words, ‘the navy buried his body on
the shore between high and low tide marks, and that his wife secretly removed
it for proper interment’ (4). <a href="https://youtu.be/9SBnMJTEJA8" target="_blank">Here’s a nice version</a> sung by Annie Dearman,
accompanied by Steve Harrison.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPKz7mirDI-q2LaBlZRXYmqRztVoaSQMWryy_UMM96Dlp9H8kpZdwH3b5_typiLhc8y-m9K6YxTthhaVsc6J8f6dmyeABOxGKCiNmjDUVO8HhW3yaQwDFr7KuWFOYuYGUGoVkAAaPu_v4/s608/Richard_Parker_about_to_be_hanged.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="608" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPKz7mirDI-q2LaBlZRXYmqRztVoaSQMWryy_UMM96Dlp9H8kpZdwH3b5_typiLhc8y-m9K6YxTthhaVsc6J8f6dmyeABOxGKCiNmjDUVO8HhW3yaQwDFr7KuWFOYuYGUGoVkAAaPu_v4/w400-h305/Richard_Parker_about_to_be_hanged.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richard Parker about to be hanged<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">I first heard <i>Parker</i> sung in a folk club by Dave East
(who had himself done military service). Dave would comment that singing this song
was a disciplinary offence because of the line comment that ‘although he was
hangèd up for mutiny, worse than him were left behind’. I’ve seen no evidence
to support the claim, nor have I yet found any evidence of other singers believing
the same, but the similarity with the <i>McCaffery</i> comment is suggestive.
(Even if it is only suggestive of an experienced singer with a wide repertoire transferring
legends from song to song on the basis of similarity). It suggests an
intriguing nuance to some singers’ selection and perpetuation of specific
songs, with some interesting implications for attitudes to military service and
activity.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">* * * * *</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">1)</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> The best consideration of the song I’ve read is A.E.
Green ‘McCaffery: A Study in the Variation and Function of a Ballad’, <i>Lore
& Language</i>, 3 (1970), 4-9; 4 (1971), 3-12; 5 (1971), 5-11.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">2) Fred Hamer, <i>Green Groves: More English Folk Songs</i>
(London: EFDS Publications, 1973), p. 48.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">3) Roy Palmer, ed., <i>The Rambling Soldier: Life in the
Lower Ranks, 1750-1900, through Soldiers’ Songs and Writings</i> (Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1977), p. 120. Palmer gives a good historical account of the story, pp.
119-126.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">4) Roy Palmer, ed., <i>The Oxford Book of Sea Songs</i>
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 167. </span><br /></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><p><style><span style="font-family: arial;">@font-face
{font-family:Helvetica;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342208091 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}p.Footnote, li.Footnote, div.Footnote
{mso-style-name:Footnote;
mso-style-unhide:no;
margin:0cm;
line-height:12.0pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Helvetica;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</span></style></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-8098872720232322572021-01-31T20:52:00.024+00:002021-01-31T23:12:03.505+00:00Into the Future Thanks to the Past<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>The last year has brought home how much I’ve missed fieldwork,
but I have found other ways to fill my time. </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Seasonal customs have been hard hit by the pandemic and
restrictions on meeting, and folklorists have been documenting how this has
played out. There’s been a huge proliferation of online material, inevitably,
from virtual events to the spread of memes and legends of all sorts. The
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/ISCLR/?multi_permalinks=4133592486670073%2C4130792216950100%2C4130463826982939%2C4125829437446378%2C4130678070294848&notif_id=1611798192666228&notif_t=group_activity&ref=notif" target="_blank">International Society for Contemporary Legend Research</a> have been collecting COVID contemporary legends, while the spate of memes
photoshopping a masked and gloved Bernie Sanders are being collated by archivists at the <a href="https://www.vermontfolklifecenter.org/" target="_blank">VermontFolklife Center.</a></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span> </p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Shortly before the second lockdown I learned of an excellent
local legend, in family tradition, and had made a provisional arrangement to
speak to at least one of the two people known to tell it. She wanted to speak
to the other, her brother, so I’m optimistic I’ll be able to compare their
tellings directly, at some point – but that ‘at some point’ rather vanished
into the unknown, inevitably.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>I’ve been busy, however, with some things which are not
fieldwork dependent but are tied up instead with the history of folklore
studies as a discipline. One is a chapter in an intriguing edited collection <i>Folklore
and the Nation</i> that follows up <a href="http://www.westernfolklore.org/WFVol78No4.html" target="_blank">my recent <i>Western Folklore</i>
article </a>on the folkloresque. While I’ve always found investigations of the ways
folklore and popular culture interact fascinating, it surprised me somewhat to
find myself contributing. The <a href="https://upcolorado.com/utah-state-university-press/item/2751-the-folkloresque" target="_blank">folkloresque</a>
is a handy set of ways of thinking about this interaction that started out by
probing how popular culture creates representations of what looks like
folklore. Watching the Hammer film <i>The Witches</i> (1966), and later reading
its source novel, I’d come to see this folkloresque representation leaning heavily
not just on folklore, but on the evolving history of the discipline itself. The
forthcoming chapter pursues this further in an investigation of a 1930
detective novel.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>For British folklorists this takes a particular historical slant,
as the folklore studies that are reflected are often exactly the low points of
our history that we’d much rather forget – what I’ve come to refer to casually,
but with a shudder, as ‘the Murray/Gardner years’. So it’s been a pleasure too,
to take up some actual historical research into this for a couple of projects.
One was a small essay to mark the 90<sup>th</sup> birthday of that doyenne of
recent British folklore scholarship, Professor Jacqueline Simpson. I confess I
wrote it in part because it felt a shame not to use the title: ‘Margaret
Murray: Who <i>Didn’t</i> Believe Her and Why’.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXE4ndtBa6y0lbrtpdBo0_nkB2qqibuYli0pPyyNXEQe1MAYbqhkhOtpjatc8FEGzZcFaf-Mnra-An_9D7qT4qBcaIUsrl5VE-7QgS831H3F7W4NGPPwMRT_n7k1Bf7vzOC9tCCnJgMM/s464/Jacqueline+%2526+Terry.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXE4ndtBa6y0lbrtpdBo0_nkB2qqibuYli0pPyyNXEQe1MAYbqhkhOtpjatc8FEGzZcFaf-Mnra-An_9D7qT4qBcaIUsrl5VE-7QgS831H3F7W4NGPPwMRT_n7k1Bf7vzOC9tCCnJgMM/s320/Jacqueline+%2526+Terry.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Jacqueline Simpson with Terry Pratchett</span><br /></span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> This came hot on the heels of some extensive rewrites to an
article on the rather neglected Violet Alford, which should hopefully now
appear later this year. In lots of ways Alford’s a massively appealing figure,
but she’s slipped from sight a little because of her rather retrograde
theoretical positions, including her critical agreement with some aspects of
Murray’s thinking. </span><span>
</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>One reason for going into some of this awkward history is
because of the valiant and ultimately successful efforts by serious folklore
scholars to overcome it. One of the real joys of this recent study has been
reading pieces by two of the extraordinary group of scholars who reoriented and
rescued British folklore from the edge of that abyss. Leading the way in the
modernisation of the Folklore Society was the great scholar of Norse and
Germanic mythology, Hilda Ellis Davidson, who wrote a charming reminiscence of
the 1949-1986 period within the Society (1). In it she described Gerald Gardner
as ‘flamboyant and rather sinister’. The skewering that follows is immensely
witty, but points to how the Folklore Society was steeling itself for more
serious work: ‘It is, in retrospect, difficult to see how Dr Gardner ever got
on to the [Society’s] Council, but possibly it was after his arrival that
people became so cautious’.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Margaret_Murray_interviewed_by_the_BBC.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="640" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Margaret_Murray_interviewed_by_the_BBC.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Margaret Murray interviewed by the BBC (UCL Institute of Archaeology, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons)</span><br /></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Perhaps even more entertaining, and possibly more revealing
of how this defence of serious scholarship actually played out on the ground,
is a characteristically hilarious piece by Jacqueline Simpson, written not for
the Folklore Society’s journal but for its newsletter, <i>FLS News</i> (2). The
piece commemorates a lecture given on 19 February 1964 – Jacqueline’s first meeting
following acceptance of her application for membership. The lecture was <i>The
Synthetic Sabbath</i> by Rossell Hope Robbins, a critical demolition of
Margaret Murray’s views on the history and persistence of witchcraft as ‘a
secret society of fertility cultists’. It is a great pity that the Society
never published the lecture, but the evening was clearly part of a scholarly accounting
with ideas that had until recently dominated its existence.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span><span>
</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>What made the event so extraordinary was that those ideas
still held great sway, and the Murrayite contingent fought a determined
rearguard action against this very public redress. Arriving, Jacqueline noted ‘a
pile of broomsticks in the corridor, brought, I hope and believe, by students, not
witches. And I noted with dismay that female scholars and witches can look
rather alike, both tending to dramatic jewellery and hats’. The lecture ‘passed
smoothly’, aside from the occasional squawk from Hotfoot Jackson, the tame
jackdaw perched on the shoulder of Sybil Leek, High Priestess of the New Forest
Coven so closely associated with Gardner. The ensuing questions were all
together more riotous, with witches haranguing and denouncing Robbins. Peter Opie,
another of the brilliant fieldworking scholars who did so much to revive
serious folklore study in Britain, was, in Jacqueline’s words, ‘the luckless
Chairman, sat with his head in his hands, speechless’.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>But the scholarship and debate remained robust. It’s worth
quoting Jacqueline at length, both in regard to the argument and its impact:</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>‘Angrily, the witches asked how Dr Robbins could explain the
close likeness between what they did and believed and what Dr Murray had
described in her books. Simple, said he, modern witches had cribbed all their
ideas from these very books, which had been around for forty years, and from
later ones by Robert Graves and Gerald Gardner. None of these were historically
sound. It must have been bitter for the witches to hear all this; not only was
their cherished self-image being denied, but Margaret Murray was being
criticised by the very Society where she had been President … Probably the FLS
Committee were feeling equally tense – dreading bad publicity and striving to
make clear their academic standards’.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>The extensive press coverage of this well-attended meeting
(Angela Carter was among those present, it turns out) seems to have been ‘reasonably
balanced’. It was not the first or last shot, nor the decisive turning point –
intellectual history rarely works like that, even though that’s how narratives
are constructed – but is emblematic of a resolute and determined struggle to
champion the best of scholarly standards.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>I’m missing the field, but telling the story of how we are
able to do what we do now is not a second-best alternative. It’s an integral
part of the same story, and I will continue to work at it, if only to pay due
homage to scholars of the brilliance of Jacqueline Simpson, without whose efforts we would not now be doing what we do. </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>* * *</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>1: Hilda Ellis Davidson, ‘Changes in the Folklore Society,
1949-1986’, <i>Folklore</i>, 98.2 (1987), 123-130 <span> </span></span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>2: Jacqueline Simpson, ‘Which Was Witch? And Witch Was What?’,
<i>FLS News</i>, 15 (1992), 3</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>
</span></span></span></span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><style><font size="5"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;">@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</span></font></style></span></span></p>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-31988115898431399572020-02-21T12:55:00.000+00:002020-02-21T12:55:09.207+00:00A Fox Terrier Moment<div class="MsoNormal">
Ten years ago, <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00155870902969574" target="_blank">reviewing</a> Gillian Mitchell’s <i>The North
American Folk Revival</i> (i), I commented on a strange and misleading formulation
in the author’s survey of historical folklore research. She had written: ‘Influenced
by the activities of British folksong collectors, particularly Cecil Sharp, scholars
such as Francis James Child and his pupil, George Lyman Kittredge, began to
involve themselves in the study and classification of folksongs’ (p.27). This
seemed unlikely, to say the least: Child died in 1896, while Sharp only heard
his first Morris tunes in 1899 and did not begin the field collection of song
with which he is most associated until 1903. Further, there was no evidence elsewhere
that Mitchell really thought this was the case.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I attributed the comment at the time to an unnecessary
compression of writing, a problem I came to sympathise with more as I wrote up
my PhD. I did also acknowledge that ‘It is impossible to eliminate typos altogether,
of course’. (I am glad of this, as my review erroneously gave Child’s death as
1898). I attributed it to individual circumstances, but it was odd enough to
remain in my memory.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I now suspect it was not just an individual wrinkle in
Mitchell’s writing. Reading Rosemary Lévy Zumwalt’s <i>American Folklore
Scholarship</i> (ii), one of the important historical works published around
the centenary of the American Folklore Society, I came across this in her survey
of Child and Kittredge’s orientation to European scholarship: ‘[Child] maintained
extensive correspondence with Andrew Lang in Britain, Reinhold Kohler in
Germany, Kaarle Krohn in Finland, Giuseppe Pitré in Italy … and was influenced
by Cecil Sharp in England’ (p.101).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_H-q4f7nHNqAVWRUe6ynjgSYa7VOB3b0GveaRUxRyVhi0dNMwrsjFY2eh9Ely-yNKAHe-UVa6JapkO3sSuXFtJ3r9yoAPXccqQIHhD57FkvtgLogG2kEgmroPhICs6O9TotGdcvPBdyE/s1600/Zumwalt+cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="419" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_H-q4f7nHNqAVWRUe6ynjgSYa7VOB3b0GveaRUxRyVhi0dNMwrsjFY2eh9Ely-yNKAHe-UVa6JapkO3sSuXFtJ3r9yoAPXccqQIHhD57FkvtgLogG2kEgmroPhICs6O9TotGdcvPBdyE/s320/Zumwalt+cover.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mitchell gave no attribution for her comment on Child and
Sharp, but Zumwalt’s book is listed in her bibliography so may well have been an
influence. Zumwalt did give a reference for her claim, citing a 1966
article by Alan Dundes. The argument seemed peculiarly un-Dundes-ish, so I went
back to his article (iii). Discussing European influence on American
scholarship, here is what Dundes actually wrote about Child’s <i>The English
and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>: ‘Francis James Child … specifically mentions
that he “closely followed the plan of Grundtvig’s Old Popular Ballads of
Denmark” … With regard to the collection of Child ballads in the field, one
must note that such fieldwork was largely stimulated by the work of an English
collector, Cecil Sharp, in the southern Appalachians’ (p.12).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dundes, then, very much wasn’t saying Child was influenced by
Sharp, but that (American) collection of ‘Child ballads’ in the field <i>was</i>.
This is actually rather important for Zumwalt’s book, which sometimes does not
clarify adequately that the American ‘literary folklorists’ did also engage in
fieldwork, although perhaps not as systematically or routinely as their <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘anthropological’ counterparts. (The less than
ideal labels compound Zumwalt’s problems, but playing the terminological hands
history has dealt us is a major part of folklorists’ theoretical work).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Given Zumwalt’s reference, it seems likely that this is the
earliest point of this confusion. Given Mitchell’s later repetition of the error,
clarification was clearly worthwhile.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My aim was not just to clear that up or score one over on
Zumwalt, however. In one of his classically witty and smart <i>Natural History</i>
essays, the late biologist Stephen Jay Gould examined the place of the fox terrier
in what he called ‘the case of the telltale textbook’ (iv). Gould examines the frequently
repeated textbook comparison of the size of the early horse <i>Hyracotherium</i>
with ‘a fox terrier’. He was intrigued, because he realised he had no idea how
big a fox terrier was, prompting his inner voice to say ‘I can’t believe that
the community of textbook authors includes only dog fanciers – so if I don’t
know, I’ll bet most of them don’t either’ (p.159).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="511" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Km5uF3pWDv62_7_AIJd9wrwWwMhKYuX6gYy0cxLosGfykYOYYvFhacrPANjYoihBOOke5wHWFDgxieP4sVHWVHvB7dklAnMv_wYHoFVCVsrc78wXujrj3ukhsVbKGJJ5H-1tZTjXdWw/s400/fox+terrier.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is how big a fox terrier really is. NB no size referent is given.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He traces the textbook repetition backwards historically. Reading
Zumwalt I had a Gouldian fox terrier inner voice moment. Hopefully, in
identifying her thankfully well-referenced misrepresentation of Dundes, I have similarly
found the earliest appearance of this particular error, albeit working with a
much smaller sample than Gould. (I would be interested to know if the mistake
is replicated in other scholarship, especially if it transpired that the
confusion had been made independently of – or earlier than – Zumwalt).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, Gould’s broader point also applies. We need to be
careful of a temptation simply to reproduce statements from previous
scholarship, especially if they seem (suspiciously) neat and succinct. We need
to check our sources more carefully, and our writing, to ensure that we have
evidence and that we have represented it accurately.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’m above all mindful of these questions as I start to think
about my paper for the <a href="https://folklore-society.com/event/folklore-learning-and-literacies/" target="_blank">Folklore Society’s forthcoming conference</a>, one of the
themes of which is precisely learning and the transmission of knowledge. I won’t
be speaking directly to my fox terrier moment, but I will try to remember it as
I put pen to paper.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
* * *</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
i: <a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-North-American-Folk-Music-Revival-Nation-and-Identity-in-the-United/Mitchell/p/book/9780754657569" target="_blank">Gillian Mitchell, The North American Folk Revival:Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada, 1945-1980 (Aldershot:Ashgate, 2007)</a>; Paul Cowdell, ‘Review’, <i>Folklore</i>, 120.2 (2009), 236-237.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ii: Rosemary Lévy Zumwalt, <i>American Folklore Scholarship:
A Dialogue of Dissent</i> (Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University
Press, 1988).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
iii: Alan Dundes, ‘The American Concept of Folklore’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of the Folklore Institute</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 3 (1966), 226-249. I am quoting the
article from its reprinting in Alan Dundes, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analytic Essays in Folklore</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
(The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1975), pp. 3-16.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">iv: The essay ‘The
Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone’ is in Stephen Jay Gould, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bully for Brontosaurus: Further Reflections
in Natural History</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Harmondsworth:
Penguin, 1992), pp. 155-167.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}size:595.0pt 842.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:35.4pt;
mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}</style>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-81643463741853896942020-01-17T17:44:00.000+00:002020-01-17T17:44:02.927+00:00Suitably chastened ...<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Last year was rather grimly preoccupying for me, and most of my available mental time and space was spent dealing with fallout of family loss. It was a pleasant relief over Christmas, therefore, to find that I was thinking again about folklore projects and topics. I found myself thinking about blog posts again, and was looking forward to reviving this rather neglected blog. I hadn't got round to it yet, obviously, but was reassured that the folkloristic engines seemed to be starting up again.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I was even more delighted today to get absolutely right kind of folkloric fillip. Seven previous posts here (not consecutive, of course) were treated this afternoon to the same spam comment advertising the services of a traditional healer. Thank you 'Fatema Davis' for this [email address removed, but otherwise as posted]:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">'my partner and I have been trying for a baby for over two years now, We
were going to a fertility clinic for about 5 months before somebody at
baby center told us to contact this spell caster who is so powerful, We
contacted him at this email; babaka.wolf@xxxxx.xxx or Facebook at
priest.babaka , for him to help us, then we told him our problem, he
told us that we will conceive once we follow his instructions ,but after
two years of trying we were at a point where we were willing to try
anything. And I'm glad we came to Priest Babaka, Because his pregnancy
spell cast and herbal remedy help us, and I honestly believe him, and
his gods really helped us as well, I am thankful for all he has done.
contact him via email: babaka.wolf@xxxxx.xxx or Facebook at
priest.babaka if you are trying to have a baby or want your lover back.
he has powers to do it, he has done mine'</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It's not quite as beautiful as the healers' cards I used to find around London, but I'm glad cyberspace is filling a gap in my folkloric vistas.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">And with that, I'm back.</span></span><br />
Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-49378326322479963272019-01-01T12:00:00.000+00:002019-01-01T12:00:17.027+00:00Revenons à nos rats ...
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Local archaeology/history/field clubs have an interesting peripheral
place in folklore studies in Britain. There is some overlap of our interests,
particularly in areas like placenames and dialect (the Kent Archaeological
Society, for example, republished <a href="https://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Pub/ArchCant/009%20-%201874/009-06.pdf" target="_blank">Samuel Pegge’s 18<sup>th</sup> century <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alphabet of Kenticisms</i></a> in their journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Archaeologia Cantiana</i> in 1874).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Local verse and, by extension, folk song, have also featured
in the interests of such societies. The Buchan Club (also known at various times
as The Buchan Field Club) published an important selection from Gavin Greig’s collection
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Last Leaves of Traditional Ballads and
Ballad Airs, Collected in Aberdeenshire by the Late Gavin Greig</i>, ed.
Alexander Keith (Aberdeen: The Buchan Club, 1925). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For folklorists, such societies also offer an opportunity to
discuss with researchers who may have material to offer us and may also be
attracted themselves to our discipline. It puts us in touch with the antiquarianism
that fed into the development of folklore in the first place. It isn’t,
however, a straightforward relationship. There have been a few famously successful
examples, usually linked with particularly determined and effective individuals.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The most notable example is probably the Devonshire
Association, which for folklorists will always be linked with Theo Brown. She
was the Association’s Recorder of Folklore for many years and played a key role
in establishing its Folklore Section. The successful integration of folklore
within the Devonshire Association’s remit was not just about Theo Brown’s
personal hard work, enormous and invaluable as that was. As the Association’s
<a href="https://devonassoc.org.uk/person/brown-theo/" target="_blank">nice obituary</a> emphasises, she was building on the dedication and commitment of
the previous Recorder of Folklore, the classicist WF Jackson Knight. It was
Jackson Knight who brought Brown into folklore, the Devonshire Association and
the Folklore Society, and he was an instrumental ally in establishing the Folklore
Section.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Other societies have been less accommodating, even though
not unsympathetic. In the 1970s the Kent Archaeological Society posted requests
for folklore submissions from members, without developing any separate section.
This kind of attitude was more or less what I found here with the Isle of Wight
Natural History and Archaeological Society. There have certainly been some
efforts to raise the profile of folklore within the IWNHAS: Alan Phillips, in
particular, has contributed some valuable book reviews and given some
fascinating papers, chiefly on the relation of ritual and myth to archaeology.
When I initially proposed a paper introducing folklore’s disciplinary history,
as a means of suggesting how my discipline could assist with the Society’s
researches generally, it was not felt to fall closely enough within
the Society’s existing remit to accept.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Happily, however, I was able to turn to an old area of
research interest that fitted rather better. As Jeremy Harte said, when I told
him the story, ‘Well, rats are your route into most things …’. In an 1839
retelling, local author Abraham Elder set the Pied Piper legend in Francheville
(now Newtown) here on the Island. I’m going to use this as a way into discussing what folklore is
and how it has been used and understood. There remains the remotest of outside
possibilities that Elder was reflecting a genuine local oral tradition, but all probability
and most considered opinion is that he was not, which makes it a useful example
for taking a local audience into new fields of thinking about folklore. Rats are also a good way into
discussing how folklore might be useful in archaeology (their gnawing makes rodents
liable to fall out of their own historical strata in dig sites) and in natural
history (one species discussed here is amongst Britain’s rarest mammals,
yet there is little evidence of interest in its preservation).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I confess that that sounds an ambitiously wide scope for a
popular talk, but I’m hoping that it will open some new ways of thinking and
open the possibility of further discussion and dialogue. And I’m happy to say
that I still find rats endlessly fascinating, and it's a nice way to kick off the new year.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If you’re around on Saturday January 12<sup>th</sup> at 2pm
it’d be lovely to see you at Arreton Community Hall for ‘Rats, Abraham Elder
and Folklore’. Further details of the IWNHAS programme are on <a href="https://iwnhas.org/groups/forthcoming-meetings/" target="_blank">their website.</a></div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;
mso-font-alt:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-65462547872205168652018-12-18T18:45:00.000+00:002018-12-18T18:45:45.458+00:00On Disagreeing with Legends
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
More than a century of scholarly debate and reflection has allowed
us a hugely nuanced and flexible reading of legend as a genre. The discussion
has hinged to a great extent on the relationship of the legend narrative to the
truth. In her 1914 rewrite of George Laurence Gomme’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Handbook of Folklore</i> Charlotte Sophia Burne included legends broadly
within the category of tales ‘told as true’. Describing them ‘simply as an
account of things which are believed to have happened’, Burne noted that even
where told of historical people or events ‘the legend itself may be inaccurate
or even baseless’ (i). How the relationship between these two tendencies works
has become an intense focus of research, with Linda Dégh famously defining
legends by the process within it: ‘The legend is a legend once it entertains
debate about belief’ (ii).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of course, discussions of the defining characteristics of a
genre are simply attempts to describe how narrators are using stories: genre is
not a set of abstract absolute templates, but a snapshot of function, which is
why the same narrative item may turn up variously in different generic
categories. After all, stories do not tell themselves, and the shifting interaction
played out through the adaptive use of narrative materials between narrator and
audience, or between competing narrators, is itself a fascinating and essential
part of the folkloric moments we investigate. This may be a contributory factor
in legend’s endless attraction for scholars, because its entertainment of ‘debate
about belief’ (going so far, in the case of supernatural legendry, as to encompass
some expectation of disbelief) is built as an active component into the
narration and performance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There has been much investigation of how this plays out in legend
sessions, the dedicated exchange and consideration of legends between narrators.
We may need to think more broadly about the performance and contemplation of
these narratives, however, beyond the direct exchange of the folkloric narrative
text. ‘Debate about belief’ would, after all, also include negative or
dismissive reactions falling some way outside the scope of the immediate legend
narration. Apparently non-folkloric reactions would themselves be part of this
negotiation of the truth (or otherwise) of a legend.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This still only part-formed reflection was prompted by a
couple of unexpected readings. I am increasingly interested in the appearance (or
dismissal) of legends in unlikely sources, especially political writings and narrative
histories. I have also become increasingly interested in the anti-semitic blood
libel legends, which have been (and continue to be) used as weapons of political
reaction (iii). These coincided in two very different contexts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first was Bo Lidegaard’s book about how and why 95 per
cent of Denmark’s Jewish population were able to escape the Nazi round-up of
October 1943. Lidegaard writes better on the first question than the second, in
part because the accommodation of the Nazis is a difficult and tender subject.
To some extent, Lidegaard argues, Denmark’s Jews had been untouched until 1943
because the government’s agreement to Nazi occupation left it still able to observe
certain domestic arrangements, including its refusal to distinguish Danish
citizens by religious or ethnic background. Lidegaard does, however, bring out
well how this agreement also created certain problems for Nazi officials tasked
with simultaneously pursuing official policies and also maintaining a certain
goodwill amongst the local population.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When the realities were finally exposed by the 1943
round-up, it brought home some deeper political realities not just in Denmark
but across Scandinavia. In Sweden, public comment on the Danish round-up was
much sharper than had been previously voiced about the Nazis. The official
Swedish reaction was to declare publicly that all Danish Jews were welcome
there. (It was where most went).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On October 3, 1943 the Swedish daily <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dagens Nyheter</i> denounced the round-up in an editorial entitled ‘Sacrificing
to Idols’. It is a furious piece, marking out the separation of ‘the Swedish
people’ and ‘the leaders of the German people’ by the vapours from the burned
offerings’ of the ‘Pogroms in Copenhagen’. Most strikingly, however, it does so
by inverting the very ritual killing invoked so often against the Jews:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
‘There exist some pseudo-religions with ritual murders as
part of their cult. Sometimes it happens that a resourceful tribe first uses a
threat as a means of pressure to achieve what it wants – and after that the prestige
of the idol enters the picture’ (iv).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was intriguing. Clearly not part of any direct interaction
on the legend, it was also evidently using the narrative’s shape to reject its
argument. This seems a more complex engagement than simply a rejection of the
legend, a statement of disbelief. It may not be, but perhaps it requires a more
inclusive approach to dismissive contributions to the legend dialectic than I
for one had hitherto taken.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was reinforced by shortly afterwards reading about the
European plague outbreak of 1347-51. Like many other plagues historically it
was rationalised by legends that hostile populations, in this case European
Jews, had poisoned water sources. (I had first encountered this legend in Book
II of of Thucydides’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the Peloponnesian
War</i>). The result was anti-Semitic pogroms, but the official reaction of the
medical faculties at the Universities of Paris and Montpellier was striking.
Both declared that ‘all charges lodged against the Jews were false’, noting
that Jews ‘usually partook of the same water as their Christian neighbors’ and
suffered roughly equivalent plague mortality. This is not presented by the historian
Robert Gottfried as being any engagement with the legend dialectic – indeed, in
highly rational tone, it is later observed that Montpellier prided itself on its
connections with Jewish physicians from Spain and North Africa – yet it clearly
needs including as such by folklorists (v).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
None of this may be particularly innovative or novel, but it
is worth pursuing. Looking for legends in popular sources is great fun and
highly rewarding, but understanding their continued broader cultural influence
also requires us to look at what might appear less promisingly engaged sources.
This is also an evident necessity if we are to understand better the dynamics
of non-belief or disbelief, especially in non-supernatural legendry where we
might perhaps have paid it less attention so far.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
* * * * *</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
i) Charlotte Sophia Burne, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Handbook of Folklore</i> (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1914),
pp. 263, 262.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ii) Linda Dégh, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Legend
and Belief: Dialectics of a Folklore Genre</i> (Bloomington and Indianapolis:
Indiana University Press, 2001), p.97.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
iii) The 1913 Mendele Beilis trial is a useful case in
point. For a good (non-folkloric) summary of the 1913 events and their current
revival by the Russian Orthodox Church see Clara Weiss, ‘<a href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/12/07/russ-d07.html" target="_blank">Russian federal investigators review anti-Semitic conspiracy theory about murder of the Tsarist family</a>’, World Socialist Web Site, 7 December 2017. The Beilis case led even the determinedly publicity-resistant
J.G. Frazer to write in protest to the press.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
iv) Bo Lidegaard, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Countrymen</i>,
tr. Robert Maass (London: Atlantic, 2015), pp. 221, 220.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
v) Robert S. Gottfried, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe</i> (London and Basingstoke:
Macmillan, 1986), pp. 52, 73, 106-7.</div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:595.0pt 842.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:35.4pt;
mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-46622536339986411792018-07-06T17:07:00.000+01:002018-07-06T17:56:07.606+01:00Shifty Grades of Fey<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbApVe45Qgsd5gf-tKhowh6yPTvTmzwmLJ0hfe6yGtz0adL8RRLgOWG1xghKqyaqyJ-eqxfAyRK1T4rp1ePJywN256s2HcYUgyvx3Y9bGdwKmp19MOm1v81P6nGEzqQz17zyMCRfGYADc/s1600/fairies+in+the+dark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbApVe45Qgsd5gf-tKhowh6yPTvTmzwmLJ0hfe6yGtz0adL8RRLgOWG1xghKqyaqyJ-eqxfAyRK1T4rp1ePJywN256s2HcYUgyvx3Y9bGdwKmp19MOm1v81P6nGEzqQz17zyMCRfGYADc/s400/fairies+in+the+dark.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In the dark with fairies</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Much to my own surprise, I have been thinking about fairies
and fairylore lately.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was some way from my main areas of interest. It was
somewhat remote, historically: while fairylore has remained a persistent
presence in Ireland, here in England it was rather more distant in time. I was
not exactly hostile. The influence of literary representations in developing
belief systems is always fascinating (1),
and my work on belief in ghosts had made me aware of the way various constructs
of supernatural lore are transmitted diachronically with changes in the
attributed entity.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I had also not set out initially to research emergent
spiritual beliefs, and the place of fairies in contemporary thought called for
some quite specific focus outside my chosen areas of interest. The historical
separation between earlier and contemporary forms of belief and thought
required particular attention.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My doctoral researches, and my continued interest in the
history of my discipline, have taken me some way into a consideration of new,
eclectic and syncretic forms of spiritual observation. I would include the resurgence/reappearance
of fairylore in this category. There has been a flurry of recent publications
on the subject, both scholarly and less so. Simon Young has been active in research
and in bringing together other writers on the subject, as in the volume he
co-edited with Ceri Houlbrook, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Magical
Folk: British and Irish Fairies 500 AD to the Present</i> (London: Gibson
Square, 2018). I am not going to offer here a full review of that interesting
volume, much as I enjoyed some parts of it and greatly disliked others. Rather,
I want to flag up some general concerns.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQTH5MuShZAK3UidO6hoLiK7CLDhyphenhyphenFL6uqxVA0d3T736VR10gCWpvIvU1z33YkXZujelYfjLMHsEx2eZQL3WM5SjsKp8KAHM7DVcQDWN-SlR_ZJwhNPLJmkLjdsKH7eGmuFgywF4cYN3U/s1600/fairies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="333" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQTH5MuShZAK3UidO6hoLiK7CLDhyphenhyphenFL6uqxVA0d3T736VR10gCWpvIvU1z33YkXZujelYfjLMHsEx2eZQL3WM5SjsKp8KAHM7DVcQDWN-SlR_ZJwhNPLJmkLjdsKH7eGmuFgywF4cYN3U/s320/fairies.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The book is extremely mixed. One or two contributions were
sound enough but still felt like a Greatest Hits compilation, both of their
author’s work and of the fairy records. The best work in the book is the
historical conspectus material: not much of it feels new, but some of it is
well reviewed. There is also a body of contemporary material here, which is
intriguing. (Simon Young has been particularly active in collating this
material <a href="http://www.fairyist.com/" target="_blank">elsewhere</a>). Not much of that material feels well
processed here, and it is where the volume tends to drift into spiritual travelogue
mode.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The great problem is that in the historical record there is essentially
a break between the earlier documented material (which also operated in close
interaction with literary sources) and this contemporary lore. The latter seems
a voluntary and wilful adoption and adaptation of antiquarian and imaginative literature
of Ye Olden Dayes, which points to the necessity for careful consideration and
reflection. In the absence of any thorough consideration of the gap between the
historical material and contemporary reports, however, we end up with an argument
by implication: this is the classic bad Frazerian comparison of purportedly
similar phenomena from different periods and with different histories <i>as if</i>
they were the same, and with the result (if not the intention) of implying
direct continuity through survival. Which very much does <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> seem to be what we have with fairylore.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This requires some sensitivity, because with the
contemporary material we are looking at a belief practice. It is problematic to
see that practice presented by practitioners as being simultaneously
scholarship: scholars who are themselves practitioners will have emic insights
that are of inestimable value, but the practice itself cannot uncritically and
unreflexively also be presented as its own scholarly appraisal. At a recent
conference a practitioner raised kataphatic visionary techniques as a research
tool in the field to enable fairy encounters: this is an accepted belief
practice within that group, but as scholarship it is self-serving and circular.
It enables the researcher to find exactly what was already believed, thus
confirming a contentious historical narrative that might not otherwise stand
up.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was instructive, then, to read Michael Ostling’s much
better collection <a href="https://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781137585196" target="_blank">Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: ‘Small Gods’ at the Margins of Christendom (London:Palgrave Macmillan, 2018)</a>, with its sharper historical focus.
Ostling’s ‘Introduction’ places fairies as a product of Christianity rather
than a pagan precursor to be overcome. This necessarily prevents universalising
speculation, whether by design or accident, and focuses the research much more
clearly. It also enables Sabina Magliocco’s consideration (pp.325-347) of contemporary
belief practices (including the visualisation mentioned above) to be really
shrewd on the limits and character of the fairy revival. As Magliocco notes, ‘In
fact, were fairies still creatures of terror and awe, the process of belief
revival, with its kataphatic practices designed to contact them, could not take
place’ (p.330).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxv2A50B7uvUB836-Yk1xFsquIFnCyAlHd6Rbzbe5Srkh1Exe5em95t-lE5-sex2knIjNDaJtUHU5kK9vOFE00rnXYQuVYToyQ-P5iRBm3jChCB3ywE_PGEZfjEQBxRsRZpq28tZmS0aM/s1600/9781137585196.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1168" data-original-width="827" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxv2A50B7uvUB836-Yk1xFsquIFnCyAlHd6Rbzbe5Srkh1Exe5em95t-lE5-sex2knIjNDaJtUHU5kK9vOFE00rnXYQuVYToyQ-P5iRBm3jChCB3ywE_PGEZfjEQBxRsRZpq28tZmS0aM/s320/9781137585196.tif" width="226" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The historical depth and sensitivity I am discussing here is
a requirement not just to make scholarly sense of fairylore (or whatever other
belief practice). There is, of course, no requirement for belief practitioners
to observe such scholarly niceties in their own practice, but for any kind of
accurate understanding of the development and interaction of those practices
there absolutely is.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is not, however, just about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">understanding</i> a belief practice or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">performing</i> one. It has implications for the scholarship too: as a
folklorist I am concerned that my discipline is invoked in some antiquated and
unrepresentative ways to support a belief practice. As part of an invented
tradition’s own mythopoiesis it is all too common to find an airy resort to an
Edwardian armchair universalism that really no longer has any place in
contemporary folklore scholarship. I am not denying practitioners their choice
of syncretic materials, but if it goes unremarked by folklorists it will be to
our detriment. There is a widespread and erroneous popular view, thanks largely
to folklore’s academic marginalisation, that folklore is still a Frazerian
collation of popular rites and speculation on their pagan origins. It took
folklore (especially in Britain) a long time to break the stranglehold of that
outdated approach, and I am extremely chary of seeing it being smuggled back in
under the guise of practitioners with an interest in folklore conflating the
two. If this were to happen we would be at risk of losing what we as
folklorists have achieved, and losing it moreover in a process it would require
a folklorist to explain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
* * * * *</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1: There’s an interesting discussion in
<a href="http://yalebooks.co.uk/display.asp?K=9780300229042" target="_blank">Ronald Hutton, The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present (New York and London: YaleUniversity Press, 2017)</a>, pp. 215-242, although the book is a little problematic, being inclined to a more sophisticated version of the tendency described below. </div>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:595.0pt 842.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:35.4pt;
mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
</style>
-->Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-76765673335094954732018-05-28T14:57:00.001+01:002018-05-28T14:57:41.643+01:00A Question about DollsAs those colleagues and friends who specialise in material culture never fail to remind me, my research interests have primarily tended towards the intangible aspects of folklore, particularly in verbal and musical tradition. It would be wrong, however, to portray me as wholly resistant to material culture. It's just that I know the limitations of my informed knowledge.<br />
<br />
Which is why this post is really an appeal for some (possibly quite basic) information.<br />
<br />
I recently and belatedly got to visit the <a href="https://www.lilliputmuseum.co.uk/" target="_blank">Lilliput Doll and Toy Museum</a> in Brading. It's a really excellent small museum of children's toys and dolls: crowded but well-maintained displays, with the tempting allure of how much more they have in store. It's lovely - charming and fascinating.<br />
<br />
My eye was caught by this astonishing piece, a doll made of crab's claws and dressed. The notice explains that she's mid-nineteenth century (1865), made by 'a poor fisherwoman in Perth'. Nearby in the case (not shown in this photo) is a rather fancy pedlar doll made by a small Portsmouth company: <i>she</i> is distinguished by the quality of reproduction of the items in her pedlar's basket, but once you strip down the astonishing craftsmanship there you find that she is, at core, the extremely traditional pegdoll, a clothespeg with a painted face and dressed.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4muXbZyNW5IX00FJksjiX42efLoUErmDhl4i3Ct96AgayReSdLhv9dShnlmpjNwsiKhNbro1qyTc6JlcGQgv8BObZqKX1YP6icfRM-2Y6a3lNIt1BwLVDG_4G0RyaIWGutCiiBEx62fc/s1600/Crab+Lady+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4muXbZyNW5IX00FJksjiX42efLoUErmDhl4i3Ct96AgayReSdLhv9dShnlmpjNwsiKhNbro1qyTc6JlcGQgv8BObZqKX1YP6icfRM-2Y6a3lNIt1BwLVDG_4G0RyaIWGutCiiBEx62fc/s400/Crab+Lady+1.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
<br />
The pegdoll suggests traditional crafts being adapted for commercial purposes, which is all straightforward enough, but I had not come across such crab dolls before. So here is my question: is this the crafted invention of a particularly imaginative and gifted individual alone, or is it also reflective of a broader tradition of making such dolls? Can anyone point me to readings on this?<br />
<br />
And if you can't, don't worry. Just enjoy the magnificent craft and skill on display here.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsuxhtBz-buGE8AFdrk_eL8HxWhE5zpmg0dNW0xqrDzo5DjF1NcfnNhSQ_OGGUo7GI1K3ie0ihmNkyMW-wD3oDXldDom5rXTFjOn7SfuHZLN1limsM4aIC-V-bVMPJETdWNW9TLz7wHI/s1600/Crab+Lady.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsuxhtBz-buGE8AFdrk_eL8HxWhE5zpmg0dNW0xqrDzo5DjF1NcfnNhSQ_OGGUo7GI1K3ie0ihmNkyMW-wD3oDXldDom5rXTFjOn7SfuHZLN1limsM4aIC-V-bVMPJETdWNW9TLz7wHI/s640/Crab+Lady.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-52862946062290700972018-04-26T11:16:00.000+01:002018-04-26T11:16:37.369+01:00Hi ho, hi ho ...I'm busily gearing up for a couple of conferences, and finding that my fascination with the history of folklore is moving on apace.<br />
<br />
Tomorrow I'm off to the Folklore Society's annual conference. This year's theme is <a href="http://folklore-society.com/events/working-life-belief-custom-ritual-narrative" target="_blank">'Working Life: Belief, Custom, Ritual, Narrative'</a>. It looks, as ever, a fascinating event (it's always the central point of my intellectual year, I must say), and I'll be talking essentially about the folklore of folklorists. This has been raised and discussed before, but I'll be considering the lore that we deploy to consolidate our understanding of our own thinking and practice: like any occupational group, folklorists use folklore to consolidate our social cohesion and to consolidate our occupational practices. It may be a slight topic - I don't want it just to be an exercise in navel-gazing, but it's also not the main event in folkloric research - but its personal significance for all of us makes it rather special to me.<br />
<br />
When I get back I'm working again on some earlier folklorists, but in the meantime I've also written a guest blog post for Twitter's #FolkloreThursday crowd. When I started my Folklore MA in the much-lamented National Centre for English Cultural Tradition at Sheffield, Julia Bishop asked us 'Ok, then, you're all interested in it: so what <i>is</i> folklore?' And we struggled for an answer. At the end of that module Julia asked us again 'After a whole term's study: what <i>is </i>folklore?' And we realised that it hadn't been a trick question, after all, but finding ways of explaining succinctly what folklore is involves some knowledge of how it had been understood and explained previously. I'm happy to find that I've been doing this quite a bit of late, but this blog post, '<a href="http://folklorethursday.com/folklore-folklorists/folklore-what-do-you-mean-and-why/#sthash.MfSowozD.dpbs" target="_blank">"Folklore"? What do you mean? And why?</a>' marks another attempt by me to set out some of the issues, highlight some of the problems, and hopefully still make it all as fascinating as I find it.<br />
<br />
Once I'm back from the 'Working Life' conference I'm intending to get down to some more serious work on one or two of these questions. I've described my paper tomorrow as 'another love letter to my discipline', and I'm standing by it.Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-26820695213147601872018-03-27T12:44:00.000+01:002018-03-27T12:44:59.416+01:00Getting back to itIt's been over a year since I posted here. Latterly such an absence has usually indicated some health catastrophe (my 'career dogged by injury', to borrow the footballing phrase), but the last year has finally seen me getting back into the swing of things a little. I've given papers at conferences and symposiums (including my first international trip since the major medical interruption), I've done a couple of more popular talks and events (the first large-scale outing for my singing voice since 2014, for example), started to get used to indexing <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rfol20/current" target="_blank"><i>Folklore</i></a> (in my second year at it), drafted a long-awaited chapter for an edited collection, and taken part in various other events and ventures that begin to feel like me finding my place in the world of folklore again. As someone who's still a little wary of his own physical fragility I'm surprised by how much I actually have done in the last year.<br />
<br />
More interesting to readers here is the fact that I haven't just been picking up old threads. I have been doing that, of course, because it's essential - the book chapter sees me reviewing some of my thinking about ghost beliefs and new religious syncretism, for example, while last week I was giving a <a href="https://www.vwml.org/events/upcoming-events/5091-library-lectures-2018" target="_blank">Vaughan Williams Memorial Library lecture</a> on ghostlore in traditional songs - but it's not been static. My ongoing engagement with the history of the discipline has become ever more a way of introducing non-academic non-specialist audiences to its full range (I've just written a forthcoming guest post for the <a href="http://folklorethursday.com/#sthash.3dkTMa2Q.dpbs" target="_blank">Folklore Thursday</a> blog), as well as a way of trying to negotiate the survival of academic folklorists and other interested academics in a university world that offers us little security or support.<br />
<br />
It's also seen me getting interested in some new figures and areas: I spoke twice last year (at the splendidly titled '<a href="https://www.flku.ut.ee/sites/default/files/www_ut/fallibility_booklet.pdf" target="_blank">Folklorists Are Fallible</a>' conference in my beloved Tartu, and then at the third Folklore Society/Royal Anthropological Institute '<a href="http://folklore-society.com/events/folklore-and-anthropology-in-conversation-1" target="_blank">Folklore and Anthropology in Conversation</a>' seminar) about the 20th century field collector and writer Violet Alford, and will be speaking about her <a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/clhlwr/research/conferences/womeninthefolk" target="_blank">again this summer</a>. My paper at the <a href="http://folklore-society.com/events/working-life-belief-custom-ritual-narrative" target="_blank">forthcoming Folklore Society conference</a> is also very much about how we are as folklorists, what we do to identify as such and how we interact with other folklorists. Later in the year I'll be going back to the question of ghost belief and religious syncretism (particularly around Spiritualism) for <a href="https://innerlives.org/2017/10/24/call-for-papers-living-in-a-magical-world-inner-lives-1300-1900/" target="_blank">a major conference in Oxford</a>.<br />
<br />
I actually have things to blog about again, it seems, so I will.<br />
<br />
Part of this reorientation/reawakening has involved some apparently cosmetic fiddling with my library, refiling and reshelving books and copies of papers. In doing so I also moved around a lot of my fieldnotes. One sheet caught my eye as it fell loose. It dates from early in my MA researches (2004-6), when I asked co-workers in the Civil Service department where I was temping for their recollections of childlore, skipping games etc. The following was remembered by a woman in her late 20s from her schooldays in South Essex:<br />
<br />
1, 2, 3 Mother caught a flea<br />
She put it in the teapot and made a cup of tea<br />
The flea jumped out,<br />
Mother gave a shout,<br />
And down came father with his winkle hanging out.<br />
<br />
It's good to be back. <br />
<br />Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-34427929690420960222017-02-15T12:45:00.000+00:002017-02-15T12:45:12.255+00:00More Than Just a Word: A Podcast on Folklore's History and Background<a href="http://humphreywithhisflail.blogspot.co.uk/2016/10/an-evening-with-history-of-folklore.html" target="_blank">Back in October</a> I gave a talk at the South East London Folklore Society on the intellectual history of folklore (or, more properly, of 'Folklore'). Mark Norman at <a href="http://thefolklorepodcast.weebly.com/" target="_blank">The Folklore Podcast</a> thought this sounded right up his listeners' street, and I hoped so too. Shortly before Christmas I sat down in a darkened room with a voice recorder, and <a href="http://thefolklorepodcast.weebly.com/season-2/episode-15-folklore-more-than-just-a-word-with-guest-dr-paul-cowdell" target="_blank">the results are now online</a>. The podcast is free to listen to (but the site happily accepts donations to support their work), and they've already broadcast a lot that's worth listening to. Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-41469837473742516052016-11-24T16:46:00.000+00:002016-11-24T16:46:09.564+00:00On the Chance Remark<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fieldwork is, of course, the best thing about folklore. This is where you get to engage with people about the folklore they share, perform and practice, where you get to see and hear about it at first hand. Fieldwork can be beguiling: all that time in the field, recording and documenting, listening and probing, then demands more time in the study with careful and accurate transcription and annotation even before you get down any kind of description and analysis.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fieldwork is also the most complicated part of folklore, because it involves the folklorist in a network of relationships that have attendant responsibilities. The key point here is that we are investigating other people’s lives. We are not taking things from them, we are inviting them to share their lives with us, and we should be celebrating that sharing. It is a collaborative process, not an acquisitive one. <br /><br /> The history of folklore and its fieldwork has left us with a rather difficult terminological legacy: I am reluctant to use the term ‘collector’ because it sounds so appropriative, but in some areas of research it is still a current term that – for many of the individuals involved – does not have the negative connotations I fearfully read in it. The field of song research, particularly, is torn between documenting the songs themselves as artefacts and how the songs and their singing fit into the lives of the singers. Shortly before my first foray into the field (long before I began any academic study of Folklore) I had the good fortune to speak to the late Simon Evans (a fine oral historian, researcher of musical traditions and documenter of Gypsy life in the south east of England). I spoke to Simon a few times over the ensuing period, as our interests coincided geographically as well as by subject. In that first conversation he gave me the best advice any fieldworker could possibly be given. He warned me not to focus on the songs to the exclusion of everything else: ‘These aren’t just songs’, he insisted, ‘they’re part of people’s lives’.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Simon Evans</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />Closely related to the transformation of other people’s culture into artefacts is the idea that the fieldworker, no matter their relationship with their informant, is simply a detached and dispassionate observer. It is all too easy to detach our analysis from the context of fieldwork and documentation. Where an ‘artefact’ can be presented separated from its context (and the early song collectors [sic] talked about ‘rescuing’ songs, as if singers and singing were somehow secondary), fieldworkers investigating other areas can be suckered into the notion that their questions haven’t shaped the responses they hear or that their interpretation does not reveal anything of their own biases and positions. Under the guise of dispassion they can end up objectifying what they are observing.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Greater reflexivity does enable fieldworkers to identify, and work with, some of these problems. In particular it enables us to recognise how we are interacting with the items of collectanea we are documenting. Perhaps a larger problem, one not so easily recognised, much less addressed, is that of the informants’ role in shaping the direction of our research. <br /><br /> Under a model of rather objectified collectanea, the fieldworker goes into the field looking for artefact <i>x</i> or cultural practice <i>y</i>. Examples of <i>x</i> or <i>y</i> are then gathered together and the fieldworker interprets the whole. Reduced to this format, the limitations in such an approach are clear. (Like all over-simplified models, this one doesn’t actually point to the realities of field documentation even among researchers who may have thought it an appropriate theoretical starting point). One thing it doesn’t take into account is what else an informant may tell the fieldworker, which may shape how the fieldworker continues to investigate, or the directions in which the fieldworker takes subsequent investigation. The ‘objectification model’ (for want of another term) removes the fieldworker from the same world context as the informant: obviously cultural differences remain (otherwise why would we be investigating?), but the suggestion that fieldworker and informant live in separate global contexts seems a lingering throwback to Victorian notions of folklore as ‘primitive survivals’ in the modern world.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />I have been thinking again about these questions since learning of the sudden death of Toby Freeman a couple of weeks ago. Toby was a friend, first, who later made a contribution to my research as an informant. I met him at <a href="http://www.sharpsfolkclub.co.uk/sfc.html">Sharps Folk Club</a>, and knew him initially through a shared love of traditional music. He was charming, very good company, a witty and cultured man who had worked in television production. A keen sailor, he had a thunderous bass voice and a good way with an anecdote. It was only as I sat and processed news of his death that I realised how fundamentally important he had been in shaping the direction of my doctoral research.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><img height="358" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Toby Freeman</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />I had applied for a funded PhD position at the University of Hertfordshire investigating contemporary ghost belief. For the application I had revisited earlier field notes and identified ghost narratives I had been told previously but had hitherto found no way of examining or discussing. Herts were looking for someone who would be prepared to undertake fieldwork in some way. It was a perfect match, and I was offered the post. <br /><br /> I immediately started rushing off telling everyone I knew. Inevitably I ended up at Sharps, and it’s difficult to overemphasise the importance of that night to the next years of my research. <br /><br /> For one thing, I told a good friend Jim about my position. His response was a dramatic and eerie story from his own experience. (I have discussed this story and its narration in my <a href="http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/compoundobject/collection/clegend/id/3437/rec/15">Contemporary Legend article</a> – despite the issue date, this journal was actually published in 2010). A couple of weeks ago later Jim returned to the subject and made a number of comments that fired my thinking on belief and experience. The groundwork had already been laid, however, by Toby’s comment that first night I announced my news. (Nine years ago next month, I see from my field notes). <br /><br /> I told him, first, that I’d secured a funded PhD place. He boomed appreciatively, and asked what the subject area was. ‘Contemporary belief in ghosts’, I told him. His eyes lit up, and he said ‘That’s so interesting – I don’t believe in ghosts, but I’ve seen at least one, and possibly two’. <br /><br /> Like Jim, Toby came back to this in subsequent weeks, filling in personal accounts and thoughts on the subject on three occasions. (Both men are documented, anonymously, in my thesis). Toby’s narratives and contemplations, like Jim’s, are there (anonymised) in my thesis, but his initial comment stuck with me. As with Jim’s story, reported in the Contemporary Legend article, the elegance and artistry of the comment was noteworthy: I have learned a lot about traditional narrative arts from listening to singers talking, but they are not alone in being able to shape an elegant epigram. (One of my informants told me, cleverly, ‘There’s nothing on earth would make me believe in god …’) <br /><br /> More important, for the research I was about to undertake, was the way Toby shaped his comment about belief. This was no easy, reductive explanation, and his comment was not one that assumed an easy, reductive relationship between belief and experience. Toby was an educated man, but while this may have had an impact on his expression his magnanimous and generous thinking here was by no means atypical generally. His comment opened up emic ways of looking at my subject that were quite widespread and needed to be taken on board and engaged with in my fieldwork and in my analysis. <br /><br /> In my writing I have always aimed to reflect appropriately and accurately my informants’ thoughts, beliefs and practices, but at the same time I should be crediting how far they have also led me in certain directions. I don’t know that I ever acknowledged to Toby how much his comment had helped define an investigative direction I had not yet begun to formulate. I'm sorry, and sorry not to have had one more pint, one more song, with him. What’s important is that we not only reflect what we set out to document from our informants, but that we pay tribute to our endlessly creative and thoughtful informants for what they bring that we were not expecting. And that, after all, brings me back to where I started: that is what is so wonderful about fieldwork. </span>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-22774716947458165822016-10-10T11:28:00.004+01:002016-10-10T11:28:58.550+01:00An evening with the history of folkloreIt is taking a while to get back into anything approaching a normal swing of things, but this week I'm happy to be making a first stab at public talks again. On Thursday evening I'm back with the lovely folk at the South East London Folklore Society (SELFS) giving <a href="http://www.selfs.org.uk/2016/09/20/selfs-talk-thursday-october-13th-a-beginners-guide-to-folklore-paul-cowdell/" target="_blank">'A Beginner's Guide to Folklore'</a>.<br />
<br />
The idea came about earlier in the year when I heard George Hoyle, SELFS's charming and urbane host, give an introductory talk on John Dee, and it occurred to me that talking about the history of the subject I love might be fun and worthwhile for several people, including me. The more people are fascinated by folklore, the more important it becomes to talk about the history of the subject. What do we mean when we say 'folklore'? And who are the mysterious 'we' in that sentence? Does 'folklore' mean the same in popular usage as it does for folklorists? How do we balance all its various meanings? How do we go about looking at folklore?<br />
<br />
I'm not particularly alarmed if that sounds like an intellectual rabbit warren: that's how I think of folklore, which is part of the reason I find it so massively, thrillingly exciting. I am genuinely excited at getting involved in this history.<br />
<br />
Folklorists today don't think of their subject in quite the same way as their Victorian forebears. This means getting a handle on what they did think and how it changed.The blurb I sent SELFS gives my starting point:<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
170 years ago a letter appeared in the Athenaeum. It was signed ‘Ambrose
Merton’, a pseudonym for literary antiquarian William John Thoms, and
it proposed a neologism: ‘folklore’. This provides a good origin story
for the study of folklore – it’s the first time folklorists identify
themselves as such – but while Thoms may have invented the word he
didn’t invent the subject. This talk will be a brief introduction to how
we’ve come to think about folklore. Amongst other things it’ll discuss
what William Thoms meant by the word and how he arrived at that meaning,
and where we’ve taken folklore since. Folklore: we’re all interested in
it, we all do it, let’s think about it.</div>
<br />
And what a starting point! It takes you <i>everywhere</i> ... If you're in London on Thursday evening and that sounds as exciting to you as it does to me, come along. Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-33192438738996420612016-06-23T16:32:00.000+01:002016-06-23T17:48:49.621+01:00What you can learn from a new moonLast week’s #FolkloreThursday took me back to a comparative annotation assignment on my MA in Folklore at the late lamented NATCECT, University of Sheffield. Each student chose random items of collectanea from the NATCECT archives and/or from our own fieldwork collections, classified them, and offered an appraisal of comparative material from other folklore collections.<br />
<br />
My heart soared, then, when Marianna Villanueva @mariannevill714 asked ‘what does a crescent moon mean?’ and @madebyfae replied ‘Bow 3 times to the crescent moon with money in your pocket & you'll have riches all month’, as this was one of the items I had researched. Below I have copied the assignment as originally submitted, with one addition. This assignment was designed to familiarise students with research in folklore collections and ways of thinking about items of collectanea. When I had completed the assignment a happy accident of conversation taught me a little bit more about fieldwork and terminology.<br />
<br />
I had selected the following item from the NATCECT files:<b> </b><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>It is bad luck to look at a new moon through glass. When one does see a new moon for the first time, one should turn one’s money over in the pocket and wish.</b> </blockquote>
This was collected by C.V. Ibbotson in ‘1945 approx’ from Mrs A. Ibbotson, aged 90, of Millhouses, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. Mr Ibbotson notes that Mrs Ibbotson ‘really believed’ this, which she had learnt from her mother in Sheffield.<br />
<br />
Classification: This is an item of Customary Tradition – Traditional Belief (beliefs concerning cosmic phenomena and the weather). Under Mrs V.M. Halpert’s classification of Folk Belief and Custom, this falls into category K: Weather and Cosmic Phenomena.<br />
<br />
<u>Discussion</u><br />
<br />
This is one of the most widely documented items of customary belief in the British Isles, both geographically and historically. Virtually every regional collection of folklore published in the last 150 years contains some reference to it, and it is not confined to any one language group within the British Isles. (It is documented among Welsh-speakers, and it is recorded among communities where previously Scots Gaelic and Guernsey-French had been the first language). It is also recorded in the USA.<br />
<br />
A few examples will suffice:<br />
<br />
‘[the new moon] should never be first seen through glass’ (Jacqueline Simpson, <i>The Folklore of Sussex</i> (London: Batsford, 1973), p.101);<br />
<br />
‘It is unlucky to see the new moon through glass for the first time; you should … turn your money in your pocket’ (<i>In the Troublesome Times: Memories of Old Northumberland</i>, ed. Rosalie E. Bosanquet ([n.p]: Northumberland Press, 1929; repr. Spredden Press, 1989), p. 79);<br />
<br />
‘An elderly Cambridge man recalled in 1958 that when he used to stay with his grandmother in Ely when he was a boy, he remembers being told by her to stand by the open kitchen door to warn her of the appearance of a new moon so that she could … see it from the doorstep and not through a window’ (Enid Porter, <i>Cambridgeshire Customs and Folklore</i> (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969), p. 59);<br />
<br />
‘The widespread customs of bowing to the new moon and turning the money in one’s pocket are observed in the Highlands [of Scotland]’ (I.F. Grant, <i>Highland Folk Ways</i> (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), p. 355);<br />
<br />
‘It is considered unlucky to see the new moon the first time through the window’ (Jonathan Caredig Davies, <i>Folk-Lore of West and Mid-Wales</i> (Aberystwyth: [n.pub.] 1911; repr. Felinfach: Llanerch, 1992), p. 219; and<br />
<br />
‘You should never look at the new moon through glass … You must … rattle the money in your pocket’ (Marie de Garis, <i>Folklore of Guernsey</i> ([St Pierre du Bois, Guernsey?]: the author, 1975), pp. 102-3).<br />
<br />
Many more examples could be adduced (it features in most of the Folklore Society’s County Folklore Printed Extract series, published in the first decade of the twentieth century, for example, and also in most volumes of the Batsford county folklore series published in the 1970s), but these should be sufficient to disprove William Henderson’s idea that this was ‘a Durham superstition’ (William Henderson, <i>Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders</i> (London: Satchell, Peyton, 1879)).<br />
<br />
Opie and Tatem give the earliest record for not looking at the new moon through glass as 1830 (Iona Opie and Moira Tatem, <i>A Dictionary of Superstitions</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 282), and for turning money over as 1808 (Opie and Tatem, p. 279), but both are related to other beliefs. A belief that it is unlucky to see the new moon through trees (emphasising the aspect of a distorted vision) is also widely reported, as is divination by looking at the new moon through a silk handkerchief.<br />
<br />
Bad luck incurred through seeing a new moon through trees can also be counteracted by customs involving money, for example spitting on both sides of a coin (quoted in Opie and Tatem, p. 283). The turning over of money is related to an earlier recorded belief that it was unlucky to see the new moon without any money in your pocket. Opie and Tatem record instances back to 1507 (Opie and Tatem, p. 279). The penalties for breaching these customs vary. For an 88-year-old Ohio woman recorded in 1958, it meant the likely death of one of your family, but in most instances it brings bad luck for the duration of that moon. You will continue to have no money if you have none when you see the new moon. (This is the substance of the 1507 reference). This is in turn related to the equally well-documented custom of greeting the new moon, again with the intention of securing good luck for the remainder of the lunar cycle.<br />
<br />
As spectacle-wearing has become more prevalent, this has been incorporated into the folklore concerning glass. In 1891 J.C. Atkinson was told that turning money in his pocket was useless because he always saw the moon through spectacles (quoted in Opie and Tatem, p. 280). A Warwickshire girl (born during the First World War) was told by her mother that ‘“Spectacles don’t count.”’ (Angela Hewins, <i>Mary, After the Queen</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 93). For one African-American informant in Illinois, however, the belief is not adapted to the spectacles, and your sight would weaken unless you took them off to see the new moon (Harry Middleton Hyatt, <i>Folklore from Adams County Illinois</i>, 2nd rev. edn ([New York?]: Memoirs of the Alma Egan Hyatt Foundation, 1965). Both elements of the belief remain current, and are incorporating new developments.<br />
<br />
<u>Postscript</u><br />
<br />
I finished the assignment there, but there was more. I spoke to my dad on the ‘phone shortly after I had finished. He asked how the course was going and I told him about this assignment. I said that I had never heard of this belief before I drew out the archive card, and I had been somewhat surprised by the extent of its observation.<br />
<br />
‘Oh,’ said my dad, ‘You should have asked your grandfather about that. He used to do that’.<br />
<br />
I was stunned. His father, my grandfather, had died some 20 years earlier and I had no recollection of him mentioning anything of this kind. I had spoken to both my parents a few weeks earlier soliciting collectanea for another assignment, and I asked my dad why he had not mentioned this belief then.<br />
<br />
‘Well,’ he said. ‘It’s just superstition.’<br />
<br />
And with that I learned a number of important lessons. I continue to be uneasy about the word ‘superstition’: it implies a hierarchy of beliefs, sometimes used etically to distance the researcher from the subject but sometimes also used (as here) emically to assert the primacy of the informant’s beliefs.<br />
<br />
But the word continues to be used, and it is negotiable. Explaining to an informant (who happened to be my dad) that I was interested in exactly these bits of undervalued (or secondary) belief and practice could both convince the informant that I was taking them seriously and encourage them to open up with what might otherwise have felt too trivial for consideration. It’s about taking apparently not very serious things very seriously indeed, and taking the people who believe or do them even more seriously. Otherwise you won’t find out anything. Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-68211269139164880212016-06-16T17:45:00.000+01:002016-06-16T17:45:53.218+01:00Brahn bootsImplausibly, I am going to write here about clothing styles. This is not my area of expertise, and there are some who would say my ignorance of fashion goes far beyond a simple academic blindspot, but a small incident recently has pointed up a bigger theoretical issue.<br />
<br />
Rapidity of cultural change has always been a matter of interest for folklorists. The foundation of the discipline was driven in part by a notion that as times changed the ancient past, which had lingered on into the present, was now being lost. Folklorists have moved away from such positions over the last century, but such notions still crop up among amateur enthusiasts (and not just there).<br />
<br />
In some cases this shaped a romantic glorification of the lore being documented with the result that other lore that did not fit the required model was at best marginalised, at worst ignored completely. This was the notion of 'rescuing' lore from folk who did not understand its significance and therefore could not ensure its survival: it was an overstated argument, of course, predicated on an often wrong-headed interpretation of the material in question, and it served to remove the lore from the folk. The Edwardian folk song collectors, for example, had clear ideas of what they were looking for, and they not only did not collect the music hall songs their informants were singing alongside those traditional songs they also did not always note down what they were or that they were being sung: the result is a fantastic body of what the collectors regarded as 'folk songs' proper, but a much sketchier notion of what, how, when and where people actually sang.<br />
<br />
This has been addressed by more recent scholars, who have identified both the newer material present in repertoires and the problems this causes in the actual practice of singing. As Ian Russell put it in his 1977 doctoral thesis 'Traditional Singing in West Sheffield, 1970-2' (which I consulted at the <a href="http://www.vwml.org/" target="_blank">Vaughan Williams Memorial Library</a>):<br />
<br />
'[A] singer who is exposed to vast amounts of new material quickly becomes unable to assimilate it. Secondly, such is the speed of "turn-over" in popular songs that singers do not have the time to absorb a new song. In practice, therefore, the availability of both recorded and broadcasted music in large quantities almost certainly produces a decline in the need for singing or playing an instrument even though it may increase the desire'.<br />
<br />
What happens, then, with styles of dress? I am not particularly talking about either a notional 'traditional dress', assumed (probably wrongly) to be ancient and static until it is swept aside by the advent of a conveniently nasty modernity, nor of a rapid turnover of fashion, but of the ethnographic sense of dress conformity. <i>How</i> you dress may be the best way of putting it, because it would cover a season's fashion fads just as much as the rather slower-changing attitude towards formal wear. (I note that I come back, in my thinking here, to notions of folklore as often quite conservative in its formalising of relationships within a group).<br />
<br />
This was prompted by going to the wedding of a very dear cousin a couple of weeks ago. For context, the bride and groom are around 40 and live in Surrey. Both work in insurance (a factor I think is important, as I will explain). The groom, his ushers and best men all wore uniform striking blue suits and brown shoes. During the speeches my uncle, the bride's father (who worked in the financial sector himself) made an oblique reference to his inability to agree 100% with the groom on style matters. On investigation I noticed that my uncle was wearing black shoes.<br />
<br />
I also don't particularly like the look of brown shoes with strong blue suits. I would like to believe that that is a style preference all my own, but it is shaped, I know, by familiarity and expectation. The blue suit/brown shoes combination strikes me as a younger look of city/financial professionals, which may also provoke a certain reaction from me. It isn't a look I'd choose for myself, which may be an unexamined instinct I need to work through.<br />
<br />
In the evening, sitting with another family member (81 years old, retired after a lifetime working in banking), I mentioned to my uncle that I was with him on the colour combination. This prompted an interesting exchange.<br />
<br />
My uncle said that his attitude was shaped by an entire working life. When he had started working in the City in the late 1960s/early 1970s it had been made clear to him that he could wear a brown suit with brown shoes on a Saturday, but during the week he was expected to wear a dark suit with black shoes. My other relative, a decade or so older, agreed completely. There was an expectation imposed by work, yes, but one that shaped and trained their dress.<br />
<br />
After they had agreed on this, my older relative laughed and said, 'Of course, it is a bit ... <i>Brahn Boots</i>!'
This monologue by R.P. Weston and Bert Lee is most famously associated
with Stanley Holloway, who recorded it in 1940. It concerns a cousin who
turns up at a funeral in brown boots and is shunned by the family as a
result. Only later do they realise it is because he has lent his black
pair to someone who has no boots at all.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VAfb1HaZ0Mo/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VAfb1HaZ0Mo?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
If brown shoes with blue suits becomes more established it may not only mean a change in dress trends (which might previously have been interpreted as the end of a particular dress tendency, although that's a perverse way of looking at changes in the way people actually live their lives): any such such change would be accompanied by a change in cultural representations. The less surprised people are at seeing brown shoes with formal wear the less likely they are to remember such pieces from an earlier period, or even to invoke them. I don't feel regretful at this, although some such pieces are better than others: I am interested to see what happens and how.<br />
<br />
For completeness' sake, I should note that I was wearing a brown suit and brown shoes. But then, it was a Saturday.Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-66764300938804426282016-05-25T17:29:00.001+01:002016-05-25T17:29:41.709+01:00Bee stings as a treatment for rheumatismI'm interested in rheumatism, having seen relatives suffer badly from it, so I was interested to stumble accidentally across the following observations made in New Zealand in the 1920s/'30s:<br />
<br />
'Speaking to an Auckland bee-keeper, he said that before keeping bees he had had rheumatics badly for many years. When he started keeping bees he got stung by them a great deal, and this soon appeared to have cured his rheumatics. He had lost it entirely.'<br />
<br />
The source is <i>Crook Frightfulness</i>, by 'a Victim' (Birmingham: J.G. Hammond, n.d.), p.63. The book is a rather strange little memoir by a former rent collector who became convinced that he was being pursued globally by villains employing ventriloquism (amongst other things) to menace him. The less frenzied tone of offhand remarks like this one - exactly the sort of folkloric item one picks up in casual conversation - suggests they are rather more reliably related than all of his stories of corner-of-the-mouth insults.<br />
<br />
A quick online search now reveals that there is some scientific literature on the subject, pointing to proper investigation of folk remedies. (A very brief scan suggests the scientific jury is still out, at best, but that might also highlight the attractiveness of the treatment as a folk remedy).<br />
Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-91746730901038438312016-04-28T16:59:00.000+01:002016-04-28T16:59:26.717+01:00Twitter and Folklore (Part 1)<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Anyone who has ever sat with me at folklore events will know that I spend a lot of my time fretting about folklore’s status as a discipline in Britain.<br /><br />Describing it even as ‘marginal’ in academia might be an overstatement. Most of the interest in our subject currently comes from amateurs. There is no academic funding in England and the situation in Scotland, although better, is hardly glowing. Its disciplinary status is almost invisible through this marginalisation.<br /><br />I have inclined towards a certain apocalyptic tone when discussing the state of affairs but this is the reality of the situation and we have to deal with it. There is no place for academic folklorists to be sniffy about amateur research or scholarship. That is, thankfully, rare enough anyhow, not least because so much of the history of our discipline was shaped by amateur enthusiasts.<br /><br />I have always argued that academically trained folklorists can and should usefully think about how they might help develop and strengthen such amateur research. If the majority of people actively engaged in folklore research at present are outside academia (certainly true in England), those with academic training can offer skills and expertise to help amateur researchers bring their work forward. <br /><br />Because, let’s be blunt: scholarship is not the exclusive preserve of academics, no matter what some academics might think or hope. A serious scholarly approach is available to all.<br /><br />Some proselytising and encouragement will be necessary, but so much amateur research is already going on that that hardly seems the most urgent task. Rather, I think, we should be encouraging more cautious and critical thinking among amateur researchers.<br /><br />Similar remarks have begun pretty much every contribution I’ve made on the responsibilities of academic folklorists in Britain over the last 10 years or so. Whatever follows is dependent on those ideas.<br /><br />But I’m musing out loud on this now because of the enormous success of the Twitter hashtag #FolkloreThursday. It’s a clear indication of the widespread interest in folklore. This is obviously A Good Thing, but it is not without its problems. A number of folklorists have grumbled quietly about the lack of attribution of material on the hashtag: there does seem to be a bias towards visual material (as one might expect, given the textual limitations of Twitter), and the source of the images presented is not always identified.<br /><br />Non-visual material, too, is often presented in a universalising, non-specific way. Even if universalising is not the intention it may be a by-product of the presentation. To take an example unfairly, I today read the unsourced claim that ‘Cattle were made to leap over fires to prevent disease & to protect against the fairies who might sour their milk’. Who did this – farmers, landlords, farm labourers? Where – was it regionally specific? When did this happen </span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">– </span>now, previously, a long time before the claim was written down or contemporaneously with it? Who documented it – someone close to events geographically and temporally, or someone at a greater social, linguistic and time remove? Who interpreted it – the person who did it or the person who wrote it down?<br /><br />#FolkloreThursday has set me thinking about a huge range of subjects, and it’s clear that one post isn’t going to work for them all, so I will come back to this again. For now, though, I want to emphasise the need for concreteness. Folklore is what people do, think and say, informally and collectively. There’s a syncretic aspect to it, certainly </span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">– the folk are adaptive and creative </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">– </span></span>but it isn’t simply an agglomeration of abstract or more-or-less whimsical concepts. Folklore isn’t all mystical or supernatural, although that seems to form a large part of the Twitter material.<br /><br />I noted on Twitter a couple of weeks ago that the hashtag was making me even more inclined to a performance-related ethnography than I already was. More than that it’s pushing me to an ever-greater insistence on the place of the tradition-bearers themselves in folklore, on seeing folklore in its practice. That's been on my mind over the last few days since the death of that fine scholar <a href="https://www.facebook.com/americanfolklifecenter/photos/a.403067714722.175318.159348369722/10154135170549723/?type=3&theater" target="_blank">William A. ‘Bert’ Wilson</a>. He wrote extensively and well on the folklore of his Mormon background, dealing sensitively with how much is missed by etic researchers without blinding himself to the problems confronting the emic investigator. Having fallen in love and married while a missionary in Finland he also wrote widely on the development of Finnish folkloristics and its relation to questions of nationalism.</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Mag0z6VKn1EXrXttfuyqdg_b2OPdiTFcF9DxD7-48raOi-WhS4wAR6UNDmHp_fT7W7s5qAK9OuuXo_ExfeamUO8-dKG99sn5buhJNncWG3RvoEqHHiR4SXER-mINnnV446LjQaZR98w/s1600/13095933_10154135170549723_2196337179514141800_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Mag0z6VKn1EXrXttfuyqdg_b2OPdiTFcF9DxD7-48raOi-WhS4wAR6UNDmHp_fT7W7s5qAK9OuuXo_ExfeamUO8-dKG99sn5buhJNncWG3RvoEqHHiR4SXER-mINnnV446LjQaZR98w/s320/13095933_10154135170549723_2196337179514141800_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">William A. Wilson</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span>Browsing through his wonderful 2006 collection of essays <a href="http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/54/" target="_blank"><i>The Marrow of Human Experience</i></a> (available online courtesy of Utah State University's Digital Commons) I came across an insistence on the place of the folk in folklore that bears repeating in this discussion.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Wilson recounted an experience at a faculty social event where, after an initial confusion over his work as a folklorist, he observed the sharing and discussion of legends. He made his point elegantly and graciously to his colleagues, and then to his readers:<br /><br />‘More than almost any other subject, folklore must be experienced directly in actual life, as I experienced these narratives, to be properly understood. In twenty years of teaching, I have discovered that my students can listen to my lectures, can read assigned books and essays on the subject, and can still leave the course not understanding folklore unless they have encountered it in the actual settings in which it is performed.’ (p.83)<br /><br />Wilson (interestingly, given his so close identification with a specific religious grouping) saw folklore’s development along group transmission lines as a secondary characteristic: ‘I am convinced that we generate and transmit folklore not because we belong to a particular nation or to a particular group – not because we are westerners, loggers, Catholics, or Finns – but because we are human beings dealing with recurring human problems in traditional human ways.’ (p.20)<br /><br />For this, of course, you need to examine what these recurring human problems are. You need to look at the context of <u>practice</u>. I’ll come back in a later post to the question of the material being circulated, but what I often feel is lacking from the #FolkloreThursday material is <i>people</i>, the people doing and saying these things. There’s no need to exoticise folklore, or look only for the mystical and supernatural: people do interesting stuff all the time.<br /><br />As an example I’ll finish with something that came up during a Twitter conversation yesterday. The wonderful <a href="http://www.duchas.ie/">duchas.ie</a> collection had tweeted the following skipping rhyme recorded from Ballyshannon:<br /><br />Up the long ladder </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">And down the short rope </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">To hell with King William </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">And god bless the Pope.<br /><br />To which an Irish historian responded that she had skipped to the song:<br /><br />Vote vote vote for de Valera.<br /><br />In the discussion that followed she confirmed this was sung to the tune of George Root’s ‘Tramp Tramp Tramp’ [the boys are marching], although she didn’t know the song by name. I mentioned that is recorded as being used for election songs in England, often sung by gangs of locally recruited youth and so liable to remain in circulation as a children’s song. (It’s also noted in association with strike songs, particularly a very famous one relating to the 1883 Great Docks Strike, but that’s probably a different discussion). At this point one of the historian’s followers announced that his father, when a young boy, had sung it campaigning for Leslie Hore-Belisha in Devonport in the 1930s.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">This is the sort of thing that passes into oral traditional circulation although its background may quickly be lost. Being able to document actual use and practice is worthwhile in and of itself and may also be able to fill out a broader record. It’s fun and it’s valuable, and that's where folklore research should be aiming.</span></span>Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3284602429922976266.post-60496383314074826562016-04-25T19:08:00.001+01:002016-04-28T20:40:40.166+01:00Under the Clock<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;">Recently I read Robert Fraser’s <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Night-Thoughts-Surreal-David-Gascoyne/dp/0199558140" target="_blank">biography of the poet David Gascoyne.</a> It isn’t a terribly satisfactory book, for reasons related
to Surrealism and poetry rather than to folklore. Fraser’s other work, however,
is directly connected to folklore – he has written extensively on James Frazer
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Golden Bough</i>, and one of my
more interesting discoveries in the Gascoyne book was that Enitharmon,
Gascoyne’s later publisher, was founded by Alan Clodd, grandson of the hugely
important Folklore Society President Edward Clodd – so I might well find myself
coming back to him. (I have tried to avoid J.G. Frazer as far as possible but he keeps cropping up: he might ultimately prove to be unavoidable).</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;">What did catch my attention as a folklorist was a passing
reference in Chapter 29, dealing with Gascoyne’s period of hospitalisation in
Whitecroft Hospital, also known as the Isle of Wight Mental Hospital or the
Isle of Wight County Asylum. Construction on Whitecroft began in 1894. Like other mental
hospitals of the period its outbuildings centred on a clock-/watchtower. The
phrase that caught my attention was Fraser’s comment that ‘The local expression
for admission to this monument to Victorian philanthropy, or for simply losing
one’s mind, was to go “under the clock”’ (p.352).</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;">Fraser cites no source for this statement, and it sounds
(particularly given the tenor of the rest of the book) like an unattributed
reference from a local history pamphlet. The hospital closed in 1992, and I
wondered how far (if at all) the phrase remained in current usage. I’ve <a href="http://humphreywithhisflail.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/local-names-se1.html" target="_blank">noted previously</a> how older usages hang on (and die out), and I was curious about this one.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;">A brief and unsystematic look online revealed that the
phrase is still in use locally on the Isle of Wight, but how widespread that is
remains to be seen. One reason I was interested was because I was in the
process of moving to the Island myself: as if I hadn’t had enough going on in
my life lately I was moving house. This may also have triggered my interest in the
phrase (and concept) of being ‘under the clock’. We arrived about a month ago,
and I am slowly beginning to get my eye and ear in. I’m hoping that the move
will see me easing gently back into fieldwork after the disruptions of the last
two years.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;">One other area of interest has already begun to make itself
apparent. Whitecroft Hospital has now been converted into accommodation, with
Fraser noting tartly that the developers’ ‘glossy introductory brochure makes
no references to its original function as a mental institution’. Maybe not, but
one should never underestimate the capacity to generate legends of place,
particularly around former hospital sites. </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;">A <a href="http://www.redfunnel.co.uk/my-isle-of-wight/features/guide-to-the-most-haunted-places-on-the-island/" target="_blank">2014 tourist article by Jo Macaulay</a> noted Whitecroft as
‘another huge haunted site’, where ‘former inmates are thought to inhabit its
walls, screaming in mental or physical pain’. She remarked that ‘Perhaps
unsurprisingly the flats are not selling particularly well and the development
has had a few starts and stops in the past ten years’.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;">Of course one might expect a proliferation of such stories
around defunct hospital sites, and there is evident enthusiasm for them across
the Island. The site of the former Chest Hospital (now the car park for Ventnor
Botanic Garden) is another site regularly identified as haunted. Macaulay, in
passing, also manages to highlight how local publications become part of legend
negotiation. Pointing to local author Gay Baldwin’s series of books on the
Island’s ghosts, begun in the 1970s, Macaulay writes that ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Everyone
knew the old stories that had been passed down by oral tradition, but nobody
laid claim to having seen a ghost in print until Gay started to prompt them.
But once the gates were open, stories began to flood in …’ Macaulay used
Baldwin’s books as the basis for her own tourist piece.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It began as a moment of curiosity and
minor irritation at an unsourced comment. That's how research starts.</span></span></span></span></div>
Paul Cowdellhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03450745221810240378noreply@blogger.com0